PRE-WAR PRINCIPLES AND METHODS 17

depended on woman and child labor, and were characterized
 by exceptionally low wage levels, In communities
where other basic industries, such as iron and steel manufacturing
 and coal mining, were localized, secondary industries
 were established with the object of taking advantage
of the low wage standards of the men by securing cheap
woman and child labor from their families. The centralizing
 of cigar and “stogie,” candy, paper box, clothing,
and millinery manufacturing in Pittsburgh and other steelmanufacturing
 centers, and of hosiery, knit goods, and silk
manufacturing in the anthracite coal-mining fields, and of
shoe factories in bituminous coal-mining areas, were examples
 of this general tendency.?

NEw PrINCIPLES ADVOCATED

Altho this was the situation as to actual methods and
conditions, and altho new principles as to fixing wages
were not generally accepted prior to the war, nevertheless,
new conceptions as to what wages should be were constantly
 and earnestly put forward during this period, and
vigorously advocated, especially in connection with wagearbitration
 proceedings. As a matter of fact, the educational
 work done in this way, as well as the agitation car-L

 For details as to this general situation, see:
Final Report of U. S. Commission on Industrial Relations, Washington,
Government Printing Office, 1915.
Jaret of U. S. Immigration Commission—Vols. VI-XXVIII—Washington,
Bureau of Labor, “Women and Child Wage Earners in the United States,”
1910, Senate Document No. 645, 61st Congress, 2nd Session.
U. S. Public Health Service, Bulletin No. 76, 1916.
U. S. Children’s Bureau, Department of Labor, 1915, “Study of Infant
Mortality in Johnstown, Pennsylvania.”
U. S. Children’s Bureau, Department of Labor, 1915, “Study of Infant
Mortality in Montclair, New Lrrsey.”
U. S. Children’s Bureau, Department of Labor, 1917, “Study of Infant
Mortality in Manchester, New Hampshire.”
U. S. Provost Marshal, Second Report to the Secretary of War on the
Selective Draft Service, December, 1918.
The Pittsburgh Survey, 1910, Russell Sage Foundation.
“A Living Wage,” John A. Ryan, 1920.
“Labor’s Crisis,” Sigmund Mendelsohn, 1920.
oq, 0nditions of Labor in American Industry,” Lauck and Sydenstricker,
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