Their Relation to Higher Educational Finance 
55 
manifests itself in politics. It is impossible to get a wise distribution of 
funds among the various fields of learning because of group interests in 
control of the public purse. 
The Individual 
The individual in our ideal scheme is asked to bear practically two- 
thirds of the cost of the dissemination of knowledge and one-half of the 
cost of higher education, because he can hardly receive less than half of 
the benefits which such trainiug has in störe for him, taking education as a 
whole. If the training is in dentistry or in business, the individual is the 
recipient of practically all benefits and so such training should be placed 
near the CD line in Diagram II, which shows that the individual pays 
practically the entire cost. In the case of knowledge with a political 
purpose the individual should pay very little, society a large part, and 
much of the income from philanthropy should be at present spent on the 
advancement of learning in such fields. The political organization of 
society has lagged far behind the cultural and economic; therefore, most 
of the efforts of philanthropy should be directed toward the advance 
ment of learning in fields of political knowledge. In the wild dash for 
economic conquest, the political and social organization has been left in 
the background without a sufficient amount of new knowledge to be used 
as a guide. 26 Philanthropy having furnished the knowledge in political 
fields, society should bear the largest share of the cost of dissemination 
since the benefit to be derived from the dissemination of political knowl 
edge is largely social. Only in so far as such learning has a slight element 
of cultural or economic benefit to the individual should he pay for it 
directly. 
That knowledge which is acquired for cultural purposes should in 
large part be paid for by the individual. Society should pay a fair por- 
tion of it as long as the belief continues that the greater number of cultured 
individuals there are, the better off society will be. Philanthropy must 
come in to advance knowledge of this kind because society collectively and 
the individual have a natural tendency to be dominated by economic 
motives. In order to maintain culture therefore philanthropy must pre- 
serve it and place it on the intellectual market at a reasonable price, thus 
making it available for a sufficiently large number of people. 
20 Mr. William S. Culbertson says on this point: “The conceptions of political and social 
control prevailing in Western States today are, if not Aristotelian, at least those of the eighteenth 
Century. The material progress of Western civilization has been effected at an unprecedented rate 
and is still rushing forth to new conquests. Eiving in a new material world, we lack a Science 
of government capable of Controlling lts destructive tendencies or of turning its achievements to 
social ends.” International Economic Policies, pp. 8-9.