BERLIN. 
33 
and the fish trade is almost wholly carried on there, but the markets are more par 
ticularly used for vegetables, fruit, and farm produce. There is no approach to 
uniformity in prices, the general rule being that the prices prevalent in each 
market correspond to the social character of the population served, though it 
follows that the quality of a given commodity is proportionate to the price charged. 
There are also stores of the “ multiple ” type, and every working-class street has 
an abundance of small grocery shops, often located in the basements, and 
conducted by women, whose husbands follow independent callings. 
There are many co-operative societies, whose trade is predominantly a 
working-class trade. The largest in turnover if not in membership is 
the “ Co-operative Society for Berlin and Neighbourhood.” This society 
had 4,947 members in 1905, and its 16 shops had a sale of £33,290. 
The " Berlin ” Co-operative Society had in 1906 a membership of 6,000, and 
its 1 5 shops in the city and suburbs had a turn-over of £29,000. The Char- 
lottenburg Co-operative Society, with a membership of 1,265, had, in the same 
year, a turn-over at its three shops of £8,500. The other societies are not 
strong. The bulk of the business done by the co-operative stores is in 
groceries and food stuffs generally, and kitchen necessaries ; but, in addition, 
they carry on what are called “ contract businesses,” that is, they arrange for 
companies or private traders to supply to their members on reduced terms com 
modities which they cannot conveniently stock, such as boots and shoes, coal, 
fresh meat, drugs, kitchen utensils, clothing, &c. The members of the co-op 
erative societies are not so attached to their stores as is the case in English 
towns, and the relatively small turnover would appear to indicate that member 
ship is in many cases quite nominal, and that the shareholders prefer to trade 
elsewhere. The “ Co-operative Society for Berlin ” had a turnover in direct 
trade of only £6 14s. per head in 1905, and that of the “ Berlin ” Co-opera 
tive Society was still less. 
The progress made by the co-operative societies has, however, led to an exten 
sive discount system on the part of private traders, and especially those who 
depend for the most part on working-class patronage. Thus butchers often allow a 
discount of 5 per cent., bakers 5 or 10 per cent., and other tradespeople give less 
or more according to the class of goods. The discount generally takes the 
form of a check in the first instance, and the checks are changed for money or 
goods when they have accumulated to a stipulated sum. 
A large part of the bread consumed by the working classes is baked at 
co-operative bakeries, and the fact is not without influence upon the prices of 
private bakers. The staple loaf is a grey mixed rye loaf costing 6d. ; and the cost 
of a 4-lb. loaf in October, 1905, was 5\d. “ Black ” bread, heavier in substance 
and without mixture of wheat, cost 4¿97. Wheaten bread is only sold in the form 
of rolls, which are eaten with coffee at breakfast. These rolls are delivered by 
the bakers in the early morning hours to their middle-class customers in baskets 
and nets left outside the kitchen door overnight. 
Weights taken regularly by the Statistical Office from a large number of 
shops show that the 6d. rye loaf has varied as follows during the last 11 years, 
the equivalent prices per 4-lb being given side by side : — 
1X96 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 
1901 
1902 
Weight of 
6d. Loaf in 
English lb. 
5 26 
493 
438 
4-55 
4-60 
4-44 
4 55 
Price 
per 4lb. 
1 
1 
1903.. . 
1904.. . 
1905.. . 
1906.. . 
1907.. . 
Dec. 1, 1907 
Weight of 
6d. Loaf in 
English lb. 
4 60 
4-66 
4 53 
402 
3 60 
325 
Price 
per 41b. 
d. 
I 
ÿ 
6| 
It is also interesting to follow the fluctuations of corn and bread prices at 
identical periods. The following table shows the rise and fall of the prices of 
wheat and rye, and also of wheaten and rye bread, in percentages year by year