strength of the people and cause them to sink to a level of impo- 
tence in regard to politics and civilization. 
In order to prepare in due time the way for wholesome reforms 
both the cause and effect of such frictions must be cleared up as 
far as possible, The point in such a case cannot be the solution 
but a clear exposition of the problems of the deposit-policy. A correct 
answer can be given only to a question put in the right way. 
We shall now shortly define the following conditions and points 
of development as constituting the various causes of the existing 
frictions in the domain of mining in Germany as well as in all 
other countries alive to their own interest: 
«. The considerable, often even very considerable, increase in 
the demand for mineral raw materials and sources of power 
in this age of technique, of railways, of warlike preparations 
and of the European colonizasion of the globe. 
The discovery of minerals being made easier by means of deep 
boring or drilling, and also owing to the improvement of the 
practical side of geology and the higher development of the 
science of map-drawing. 
3. The quicker working of the system of exploitation and equip- 
ment of the deposits which have become safer even under water, 
owing to the more modern technique of the building of 
mining-shafts and galleries, and boring or drilling. 
A. The lowering of the expense of modern means 0f wholesale ship- 
ping above ground as well as below, by water or land, at 
home and across the seas. 
5. The local and home-markets controlled by the state having 
been superseded by the free international market of the world 
owing to international traffic, international exchanges and 
to firms of world wide fame. 
6. The participation of the public at large, involving the specul- 
ating of great (often international) capitalists in mining-under- 
takings — all this, of course, on the basis of companies-acts. 
These technical and economic causes, altogether pertaining to 
civilization had the following results which are in marked con- 
trast with previous conditions: 
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