THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY 133 
individuals,! but their application is obviously intended to 
be general, and we may reasonably infer that a copy was 
sent to each provincial Diwan, addressed to him by name; 
the earlier document is based on enquiries made throughout 
the Reserved and Assigned areas of the Empire, while the 
latter applies specifically to the revenue officers of “the 
Empire of Hindustan from end to end.” 
The two orders are distinguished by a marked difference 
in the terminology employed. The language of the earlier 
is substantially that which was used in official documents in 
the time of Akbar, and presents no serious difficulties in 
interpretation, though a few phrases are obscure. The later 
order is expressed in the terms of Islamic Law, and is 
obviously related to the extant collection? of Fatwas, or 
rulings given by ecclesiastical jurists on questions referred 
to them by the Emperor. The farmian is based either on 
these fatwas or on some earlier pronouncements of similar 
purport; and it must be taken as part of Aurangzeb’s 
attempt to conduct his administration in accordance with 
the religious system of which he was so devoted an adherent. 
The first order is characterised by precise and logical 
arrangement, practically identical with that of Akbar’s 
rules for collectors, and it shows us in operation the ad- 
ministrative dyarchy, the introduction of which was noticed 
in the last Chapter. Revenue from the Reserved areas 
was expended by the Emperor, not the Viceroy; and it was 
assessed and collected by the Revenue Ministry, acting 
through the provincial Diwans. Accordingly, we read 
nothing about Viceroys or Governors: all references are to 
! The first order is addressed to Rashik Dis Krori, but its terms show 
that it was intended for a provincial Diwan, because it instructs him how to 
control the Amin, the Amil or Krori, and the Treasurer, who constituted 
the Diwan’s staff. The word “ Krori,”” must therefore be read as a 
soubriquet rather than a designation; such soubriquets were commonly 
employed when there were two or more officers bearing one name, and 
presumably Rashik Dis had been a Krori before promotion to the post 
of Diwan. I have not traced a reference to him in the chronicles, but they 
do not give anything like a complete list of provincial Diwins at this 
period. The recipient of the second order, Muhammad Hashim, was. 
according to Professor Sarkar, provincial Diwan of Gujarat. 
* Fatawa-i Alamgir, title *“ Ushr and Khardj.”” The text is Arabic, 
and I know of no published translation; that which I have used was made 
for me bv Mr. U. M. Daudpota.