THE NEW INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 227

to progress have also been made by those changes in productive
 operations introduced by so-called scientific management
—the installation of more efficient processes, routing of materials
 and products, elimination of waste, avoidance or lessening
 of fatigue on the part of the workers, and other devices
 and methods too detailed and too numerous to mention.
[n all of these developments American industry has excelled.
Another set of factors, not without importance, in bringing
 about increased productivity of American industry relates
 to the wider general education of the population, to
advances in scientific research, and to the broader dissemination
 of information. . .. The organization of research by
aniversities, by privately endowed institutioas, and by private
enterprise has contributed much toward industrial progress.
Within the post-war period the increased collection and use
of business statistics and the more thorough analysis of
ousiness trends have furthered the advance of industry toward
 a more intelligent control of forces determining its
progress. . . .
Many of these elements in our industrial progress, however,
are not forces which have only recently become effective. We
have had natural resources, internal free trade, and a fairly
wide domestic market during most of our industrial history;
we had them, certainly, in the period from 1909 to 1921, when
productivity per person in manufacturing failed to gain. The
phenomenal increase in manufacturing efficiency has apparently
 come since 1921. It is worth while to consider the
forces that have caused this recent sudden spurt. . . .
Then the war considerably disturbed industrial technique
and delayed progress for a period, but at the same time new
technological processes and methods were learned as a result
of war experiences, and what is perhaps of equal value, the
importance of cooperation and of having adequate and accurate
 knowledge of developments was impressed upon the business
 community. The leaders of industry were also the
leaders of that vast cooperative organization by which the
war was carried on. and in that experience they learned that