1 NEW CONSTRUCTIVE POLICY 81 
services per capita in the population. It is due to the in- 
creased skill, the advancement of science, to temperance, to 
the improvement of processes, more labor saving devices— 
but most of all it is due to the tremendous strides made in 
industrial administration and commercial organization in the 
elimination of waste in effort and materials. 
Nor has it been accomplished by imposing increased phys- 
ical effort upon our workers. On the contrary, actual physical 
effort to-day is less than ten years ago. There has been in 
this period a definite decrease in the physical effort, due to 
improved methods. Nor has it been accomplished by any 
revolutionary discovery in science. It is the result of steady 
improvement in management and method all along the line. 
[t is an accumulation of better practise in the elimination of 
waste. It is a monument to the directing brains of commerce 
and industry and the development in intelligence and skill 
of the American workingman. The result has been a lift in 
the standard of living in the whole of our people, manual 
worker and brain worker alike. This is the real index of 
°CONOmic progress. 
Shortly afterwards, these significant utterances by Sec- 
retary Hoover were sanctioned by Mr. Julius M. Barnes, 
at that time President of the United States Chamber of 
Commerce. In two articles in the June and August (1923) 
issues of The Nation’s Business, the official organ of the 
Chamber of Commerce, Mr. Barnes said, in part: 
Between the census of 1900 and 1920, twenty years of sig- 
nificant industrial development in this country, our population 
increased 40 per cent, and the volume product of our farms 
increased 38 per cent, so that we are securing the home pro- 
duction which maintains our people. 
In that period the volume production of our mines, coal 
and metals, increased 128 per cent; showing that this base of 
all industry was adequately maintained and developed and 
the volume of the products of our industry, the volume of