PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS Hn 
in connection with the printed directions, problems which 
give the subject a chance to try for himself and see whether 
or not he clearly understands what is required. These fore- 
exercises make for reliability by putting all the contestants 
on the same footing. 
In the introductory statement, it is sometimes advisable to 
use the word “Form” or “Worksample” instead of “Test,” 
as being less likely to make the subjects apprehensive. 
The directions may either be given orally or presented on 
printed sheets with the test, or both. They should not be 
on the same side of the sheet as the printed test, as that 
allows the rapid readers to solve some of the problems before 
the starting signal is given. They should preferably be on 
the back of the sheet, and at the starting signal the subjects 
turn the sheets over and begin to work. 
Instructions should be given to cross out mistakes instead 
of erasing them. 
Important statements in the directions should be in capi- 
tals or bold-face letters. 
Where speed is not essential, the starting signal may be 
merely, “Go ahead,” or “Start,” but if speed is desired, a 
suggestion to that effect is given by saying, “Ready?” 
(pause) “Go!” The stopping signal may be “Stop” or “Pen- 
cils up.” Some examiners have made use of a bell as a start- 
ing and stopping signal. 
The directions should be given a preliminary tryout with 
a few subjects to see if they are perfectly explicit and fool- 
proof, but even with this precaution it will be necessary in 
most cases to make modifications in the light of further 
experience. 
If the test performance is not obviously related to the job, 
it is most desirable that the directions should furnish some 
motivation to the subject by pointing out the resemblance 
of function measured. 
Instructions for administering trade tests are given by 
Chapman (28). 
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