MIGRATION AND BUSINESS CYCLES 
On the other hand, an examination of the major features of 
agricultural and industrial conditions in Sweden does not afford an 
equally consistent explanation of the cyclical fluctuations in Swedish 
emigration to the United States. For example, excellent crops in 
1892 and 1906 were followed in the respective fiscal years ending 
six months later, by a decline in emigration to the United States; 
but in 1890 and 1900, by an increase. Likewise, poor crops in 1902 
were followed by increasing emigration, but poor harvests in 1904 
by decreasing emigration. 
Also, when we turn to the general business or industrial conditions 
in Sweden, no obvious consistent relation appears between cyclical 
changes in emigration to the United States and the concurrent 
prevalence of good or bad times in Swedish industry. For example, 
the years 1892, 1893, and 1894 were characterized in Sweden by 
depression in business, and were followed by declining emigration 
to the United States; also, in 1895 conditions underwent a subs- 
tantial improvement, and emigration to the United States in the 
year ending June 30, 1896, increased decidedly. In these years, it 
would appear that bad conditions in Sweden diminished emigration, 
while good conditions stimulated it. On the other hand, the pros- 
perous years of 1896, 1897, and 1898 were followed by low emigra- 
tion, and the poor harvests and industrial depression of 1902 in 
Sweden were followed by increased emigration to the United States, 
which reached a peak, for this century, of approximately forty-six 
thousand in the year ending June 30, 1903. 
In brief, while conditions in Sweden have probably exerted some 
influence upon fluctuations in emigration to the United States in 
the period since 1870, that influence has usually been consistent 
with, or at least less effective, than the attracting and repelling 
power, respectively, of good and bad conditions in the United States. 
Russia. 
Immigration to the United States from Russia was relatively 
small prior to the eighties, not reaching ten thousand in any one 
year. It increased sharply in the year ending June 30, 1882— 
rising from about 5,000 in the previous year to almost 17,000. 
Either the prosperous conditions in the United States in the early 
eighties or the beginning of outrages against the Jews in Russia in 
April, 1881, offer a plausible explanation for this spurt. Likewise, 
after further persecution of the Jews in 1883 and 1834, immigration 
from Russia, which had slumped somewhat following the spurt of 
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