1070 PONTIFICIAE ACADEMIAE SCIENTIARVM SCRIPTA VARIA - 28 
such as to secure the best possible rate of economic growth over 
a time horizon of a generation or more. 
1.2. How to bring this about? This is where the question 
of social transformation becomes relevant. Some broad general 
principles may perhaps be stated with confidence. 
2. THE STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION 
2.1. It is necessary to give opportunities for participation 
in productive activities to the largest number of people, and as 
soon as possible, to all such people as are capable of under- 
taking such work, and also to utilize available resources in the 
most effective way for the benefit of the nation as a whole. 
To create fullest opportunities for rapid growth, it is necessary 
to remove all barriers to the effective utilization of productive 
forces, by the people, for the benefit of all the people of the 
country. 
2.2. There are many facets to the problem, some of which 
are general and some peculiar to particular countries. It is not 
possible to arrange them in any clear order of priority. In fact 
the heart of the problem is to make changes in all necessary 
directions at the same time, in a balanced way, so as to bring 
about the structural transformation as quickly as possible. 
2.3. The transformation of the social structure cannot be 
an entirely internal process. Outside influences have been and 
will continue to be at work. Colonial rule and economic exploit- 
ation of the underdeveloped countries have themselves given 
rise to reactions promoting the desire for political independence 
and for improvement in the level of living in the underdeve- 
loped areas. 
2.4. A new factor, of conscious international cooperation 
in improving the social, political, and economic conditions of 
the underdeveloped countries. has also emerced durine the last 
14] Mahalanobis T - pag. 2