1082 PONTIFICIAE ACADEMIAE SCIENTIARVM SCRIPTA VARIA - 
38 
Establishing a minimum complex of such basic industries would 
take at least ten o fifteen years, for which planning must start 
ten or fifteen vears in advance. 
1.3. To increase modern industrial production would call 
for an increasing supply of engineers, technologists, and 
technical personnel. The only way to ensure this would be to 
establish and increase the number of schools, training colleges 
and universities, and also to train teachers for such institutions. 
This would take at least fifteen or twenty years; so that plann- 
ing for this purpose must start fifteen or twenty vears in 
advance. 
1.4. The best way of utilising the raw materials and natural 
resources available within the country, for both domestic con- 
sumption and for exports, can be found out only through 
applied scientific research (*). Applied research, in its turn, 
must be based on advances in fundamental research. Also, to 
establish an adequate base for applied research it is necessary 
to promote the spirit of pure research and supply the stimulus 
of scientific criticism. This would be possible only when at 
least a certain minimum number of scientists are engaged in 
fundamental research, and opportunities for pure research are 
becoming increasingly available. It is therefore necessary to 
promote the advancement of both applied and fundamental 
research. To establish a minimum base for scientific research 
would take more than a generation of twenty-five or thirty 
years; this, being the most slowly maturing sector, must be 
given the highest priority. 
(') Even the most advanced countries are obliged to devote large 
resources to research for the improvement of products already being 
manufactured and also to develop new products in order to hold their 
position in the world export market. It is not possible for the under- 
developed countries to start or expand the export of fully or partly 
manufactured products by simply borrowing the. current technology from 
advanced countries; it is essential also to develop applied research for a 
continuing improvement of technolooical methods 
‘14 Mahalanobis T - tag. 14