1086 PONTIFICIAE ACADEMIAE SCIENTIARVM SCRIPTA VARIA - 28 
areas, both power groups are likely to try to extend their 
influence over the less advanced countries; and this would 
remain a continuing source of potential conflicts. The very 
existence of underdeveloped countries should, therefore, be seen 
as a threat to peace. Rapid transformation of all the underde- 
veloped countries into modern viable societies is an essential 
condition for peaceful coexistence. Such a transformation would 
promote the enlightened self-interest of both power groups, and 
would also create conditions favourable for the advancement of 
human and cultural values on a world-wide basis. 
3. THE ROLE OF SCIENCE IN THE MODERNISATION OF THE LESS 
ADVANCED COUNTRIES 
3.I. Modernisation of the less advanced countries through 
rapid industrialisation is thus an urgent need of the whole 
world. Is such modernisation possible or can a modern society 
with a viable economy, with expanding social and political 
freedom, and cultural amenities, be sustained without 
establishing a sound scientific base? This is a question of 
crucial importance for the present age. 
3.2. In order to answer this question, it is necessary to 
appreciate the deeper changes in human thinking which were 
brought about by the emergence of science. In every sphere 
or organised activity in human society, authority has always 
been associated, and must always be associated with a system 
of hierarchical levels. This applies to primitive societies, ma- 
triarchal, patriarchal, or tribal; successive levels of feudal 
lords; organised churches and religions; military, police and 
administrative systems; enterprises, business and commerce; 
and law. A law court of appeal may reverse the decision of a 
lower court; but the decision of the court of appeal is itself 
subject to change by a still higher court. The decision of the 
highest court, to which a case has been actually referred. has 
14] Mahalanobis T - pag. 18