66 UNEMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES 
told you this morning. I think enough was said by the principa 
speakers this morning, and in the questions asked of them by the 
Members of the committee this morning, to make it clear to all whe 
are sitting here this afternoon, that the problem is an intricate eco. 
nomical problem. 
There are a number of economic forces which are contributing to 
the cause of present unemployment; and a number of problems which 
make it difficult to find adequate means for the prevention or the 
relief of unemployment. 
These three bills which Senator Wagner has introduced into the 
Senate, taken together, from what seems to me to be a minimum 
program, a first step so to speak, the foundation so to speak, for 
suitable program of Government assistance toward the solution of the 
problem of prevention and relief of unemployment. There are two 
separate sets of activities which must be undertaken—one looking te 
relief and the other to prevention. 
There are many suggestions which can be made or have been made 
by economists and expert managers of industry for the prevention o! 
unemployment in certain, particular industries, but not on a nation- 
wide basis. In the treatment of the total problem we need the co- 
operation of the Government and industrial leadership to make any 
adequate progress. We have today, as has been said often, the 
combination of three types of nonemployment. We have first the 
technological unemployment, which Mr. Green discussed before the 
committee this morning, which is caused by the displacement of men 
through the introduction of machinery. 
Then we have the seasonal unemployment, which has become 
heavy, with the high peak of unemployment in an industry at one 
time, and a period of low depression at another. That condition has 
characterized some of our American industries. Now, in the season 
of seasonal depression there is always unemployment. It is among 
those workers where there is a constant fluctuation in employment— 
and when we have speakers, as we had here refer to unemployment, 
as “normal unemployment,” I am somewhat distressed. I can not 
conceive of the tragedy of unemployment appearing as “normal” to a 
man who is out of employment. We should say, probably, the 
“habitual unemployment” in a given community, rather than the 
normal unemployment. Now, that can be corrected. 
This unemployment due to fluctuations can be taken care of largely 
by the individual trades and industries themselves; and there is now 
a determined demand, or a determined effort on the part of the more 
scientifically managed industries of the United States to do what 
they call “ironing out the curves” in the production line, and to get 
the industry on an even keel. So great a company as the Eastman 
Kodak Co. set before a Government committee the other day, the 
exact method which they used to divide their production for the 
year into 12 parts, their manufacturing production, taking their 
annual production in segments of 12, so as to get an even monthly 
production, and have their employees continuously employed. 
There is another great company, the Bausch & Lomb Co., manu- 
facturers of optical instruments and quality production. They are 
located at Rochester. Now, having a varied and diversified business 
product, by the means they have put into operation, they are able 
to keep the same number of men at work continuously throughout