technical methods. Moreover, even wherever there are
no tractors as yet on the collective farms (and there
is still a considerable shortage of tractors, despite
their ever wider distribution throughout the agricultural
 areas of the U. S. S. R.), the advantages of
large-scale production are clearly in evidence.
First of all, one must point out the increase in the
productivity of agricultural labor as a consequence of
the uniting of the small peasant holdings into large
collective farms. Thus the number of hectares sown
per farm laborer in the collective farms has increased,
in comparison with the peasant holdings prior to their
entrance into the collective farms (in 1929): in the
Ukraine—31.6 per cent; in the Middle Volga Region
—78.1 per cent; in the Central Black Soil Region—
23.0 per cent; in the Lower Volga Region—78.0 per
cent; in the Northern Caucasus—>50 per cent.
At the same time, there has been a considerable
increase in the utilization of draft cattle, which in the
small peasant holdings had never been fully utilized.
Thus, according to budgetary data, the percentage of
draft cattle which were not used had been as follows:
In the Ukraine—68.6 per cent.
In the Northern Caucasus—78 per cent.
In the collective farms the draft cattle have been
utilized much more productively than was the case
in the petty peasant holdings. In the Ukraine the
utilization of draft cattle has increased, in comparison
 with the peasant holdings prior to their collectivization
 (in 1929), 24.1 per cent; in the Middle Volga
Region—380 per cent; in the Central Black Soil Region
—17.4 per cent; in the Lower Volga Region—25.2 per
cent; in the Northern Caucasus—34.6 per cent.
The significant increase in the productive possibilities
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