123 
with easy manual labor. The hospital was considerably enlarged 
several times in the course of the War.?® 
SICK AND WOUNDED 
After the first feverish activities in equipping a sufficient number 
of beds, the local zemstvo committees found that about one-third of 
all the sick and wounded soldiers were in need, not only of general, 
but also of special treatment. The work of the zemstvos now gradu- 
ally tended more and more toward specialization either in hospitals 
already opened or in special hospitals newly created. Thus, in the 
city of Voronezh, on January 1, 1916, twenty zemstvo hospitals 
were functioning, as follows: six surgical hospitals, four mixed, one 
therapeutic hospital; one for infectious diseases, one for erysipelas, 
one for nervous disorders, and one representing a temporary home 
for patients awaiting evacuation. In Samara special hospitals were 
established for diseases of the ear, throat, and nose, and for skin 
and venereal diseases, as well as for nervous disorders and infectious 
diseases. In the province of Perm, fifty-four zemstvo hospitals were 
in operation on September 1, 1916, and there were also special hos- 
pitals for nervous disorders and for eye and ear diseases, as well as 
sanatoriums for mineral water and koumiss®® treatment. A similar 
specialization in hospital treatment was carried through in the prov- 
ince of Ekaterinoslav and in a majority of other provinces. Particu- 
larly frequent in these reports is the mention of hospitals for nerv- 
ous disorders. A typical institution of this kind was the hospital of 
the Voronezh zemstvo. It was opened in October, 1914, with 50 beds, 
but very soon increased this number to 130 and finally to 170. It was 
always crowded and the monthly percentage of occupied beds varied 
from 90 to 101. The hospital was opened in the building of the 
technical school and provided with steam heat, electricity, and bath 
rooms. Toward the close of the second week the equipment was com- 
pleted and the hospital was able to operate efficiently. In the course 
of the year a total of 540 patients was admitted from other zemstvo 
hospitals to this institution, while 199 patients came from hospitals 
maintained by the Union of Towns, 35 admissions were from mili- 
2 Izvestia (Bulletin), No. 2, pp. 64-72; No. 45, pp. 13-21; No. 10, pp. 
36-58. 
*® Koumiss—a fermented alcoholic drink prepared from mare’s milk. 
Other Hospitals for Special Treatments.