290 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND WAGES 
covered wage determination as well as relations between 
employers and employees. It was as follows: 
1. The right of employees to organize and to bargain 
collectively through chosen representatives is recog- 
nized and affirmed. This right shall not be denied, 
abridged, or interfered with by employers in any 
manner whatsoever. 
The right of employers to organize in associations 
or groups and to bargain collectively through chosen 
representatives is recognized and affirmed. This 
right shall not be denied, abridged, or interfered 
with by the employees in any manner whatsoever. 
Employers shall not discharge workers for mem- 
bership in the union, nor for legitimate trade-union 
activities. No employer shall demand or exact a 
contract from an employee which undertakes to ob- 
ligate him to refrain from exercising the right to 
join a union. Employees who, previous to this 
agreed-upon code, have entered into individual con- 
tracts with employers shall have the right to abro- 
gate these contracts, to affiliate themselves with the 
union, and to have the union represent them in deal- 
ing with employers. 
Human standards of health, safety, and economic 
well-being shall be accepted as the constraining con- 
siderations in fixing the wages and working condi- 
tions of employees. 
The right of every unskilled or common laborer to 
earn a wage sufficient not only for the necessities of 
life, but also to maintain a normal family in health 
and reasonable comfort, and to afford an oppor- 
tunity for savings against unemployment, old age, 
and other contingencies, is recognized and affirmed. 
Above this basic wage for unskilled workers, dif- 
4.