320 THE EXECUTIVE GOVERNMENT [part 11 
the Lower ; one (later two) in the Western Australia, Upper 
House, six in the Lower ; one in the Tasmania, Upper House, 
three in the Lower. But the numbers hardly show the extent 
to which the Upper House is considered inferior, because of 
the members in the Upper House one at least is merely an 
honorary minister, so that the Upper House has not the 
same control of the Government as the Lower House has. 
As a result the Upper House have continually contended 
that the number of ministers therein should be increased. 
and as continually nothing, or at any rate nothing sub- 
stantial, has been done to meet their wishes. Moreover, 
the Labour Ministry of South Australia declined in 1910 
to introduce any business in the Upper House, with the 
result that that body had to content itself with dealing with 
Bills already passed by the Lower House ; so too the Labour 
Ministry in New South Wales in 1910-11. 
In the case of New Zealand the Executive Council contains, 
besides the Governor as President, the Prime Minister, who 
is also Minister of Finance, Postmaster-General, Minister 
of Telegraphs, Minister of Defence, and Minister of Lands and 
Commissioner of State Forests, the Minister for Railways, 
who is also Minister of Marine and of Labour, the Native 
Minister, the Attorney-General and Minister of J ustice, the 
Minister of Education, who is Minister of Immigration and 
Minister of Customs, the Minister of Public Works and 
Minister of Mines, the Minister of Industries and Commerce, 
who is also Minister in charge of Tourists and Health 
Resorts and Minister of Agriculture, and the Minister of 
Internal Affairs, who is the Minister of Public Health, besides 
a minister without portfolio representing the native race. 
This confusion of portfolios is due to a desire to diminish 
the expenditure of the Government. The allotment of 
ministers to the Upper House has caused much dissatisfac- 
tion ; in 1876 the number was reduced to one, and an attempt 
of the Council in 1878 to pass a Bill increasing the number to 
two was frustrated by the attitude of the Lower House, but 
the number—one—is still deemed inadequate by the Council. 
The Cape Ministry before the Union consisted of the Premier