22 
THE SOCIALISM OF TO-DAY. 
and with Heinrich Heine, the journal Vorwärts (Forwards). 
Expelled from France in 1844, and from Brussels in 1848, 
he returned to Germany, and took advantage of the liberty 
gained there through the revolution of March to bring out, 
in company with his friend Wolff, a journal in which he 
roughly handled the bourgeoisie. Prosecuted anew, he fled 
for refuge to London, where he subsequently lived, dividing 
his time between economical studies and the secret direction 
of the International.* 
As early as 1847, in a manifesto drawn up with the aid of 
his friend Friedrich Engels, in the name of the German Com 
munists in London, Marx formulated the two principles which 
still rule German and indeed European Socialism. He there 
maintains, in the first place, that the interests of the working 
classes in their struggle against the capitalists, being every 
where the same, rise above the distinctions of nationality ; and, 
in the second place, that working men should acquire political 
rights in order to break the yoke of the capitalists. We shall 
not follow Marx throughout his active career ; to do so would 
be to write the history of the International, which we shall 
approach later on. It is only his ideas that we wish to make 
known here. His writings are not numerous. In 1847 he 
published a very trenchant and often very just criticism of 
Proudhon’s Contradictions Économiques, under the title. Misère 
de la Philosophie, Réponse à la Philosophie de la Misère, par 
M. Proudhon (The Want of Philosophy, A Reply to M. Proud 
hon’s Philosophy of Want). Marx disliked Proudhon, although 
he came near to him on many points. In 1859 he published 
“ A Critique of Political Economy,” a large part of which was 
reproduced in his last work. Das Kapital, which appeared in 
1867. t 
Marx’s whole system and the 830 pages of closely printed 
* [Marx died on the 14th March, 1883.—7>.] 
t The second edition came out in 1873. M. J. Roy’s French trans 
lation, which was revised and completed by the author, appeared in parts 
in 1875. The work has been translated into Russian. [The third German 
edition was brought out by Friedrich Engels in 1883. An English trans 
lation is promised shortly, which will include the unpublished second 
part.—7>.]