( I30

for the open competition, under regulations framed
by the secretary of state.
Under the Act of 1793 the rule of promotion
by seniority was made absolute in the civil service ;
and it was also prescribed that vacancies should
be filled up from the members of the service in the
presidency in which the vacancy occurred. In
1861 it was found necessary to abrogate these rules
and to validate appointments made in opposition
to them.

The Statute 24 and 25 Vic, Cap. 54 (1861)
reserved the following offices to the covenanted
civil servants :—

(1) secretaries, junior secretaries, and undersecretaries
 to the several governments
in India (except in the military, marine,
and public works departments); accountant-general
 (now called comptroller-general)
 ;
(2) in the regulation provinces, the Jollowing
judicial offices: civil and sessions
judge, or chief judicial officers of districts
 ; additional and assistant judges;
magistrates or chief magisterial officers ;
joint magistrates; assistant magistrates


(3) the following revenue offices: members of
boards of revenue in the presidencies of
Bengal and Madras: secretaries to the