BAKUNIN  THE  APOSTLE  OF  NIHILISM.

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no  longer  in  peace.  The  two  leading  papers,  Gleichheit  and
Volkswille,  after  having  been  frequently  seized  and  suspended,
at  last  ceased  to  appear.
In  Hungary,  where  there  is  greater  liberty,  a  propagandist
committee  was  formed,  and  a  newspaper,  the  Allgemeine  Arbeiter
Zeitung,  was  published  in  German  and  in  Magyar.  In  June,
1871,  a  great  demonstration  was  held  in  honour  of  the
Commune.  The  workmen,  leaving  work,  marched  through  the
streets  of  Pesth  bearing  crape  and  black  flags.  Prosecutions
for  high  treason  followed,  and  the  ringleader,  Sigmund  Polliker,
was  condemned  to  six  months’  imprisonment.  Nevertheless,
Socialistic  propaganda  penetrated  into  all  the  towns  of  the
empire,  and,  what  is  very  unusual,  at  one  time  it  seemed  to
make  head  even  in  the  rural  districts.  Socialist  societies  of
peasants  were  formed  in  the  villages  of  Carinthia  under  the
name  of  Freie  Bauernvereine;  they  had  an  organ,  der
Bauernwille,  edited  by  Karl  Achar,  a  farmer’s  son  ;  but  the
animosities  and  reciprocal  accusations  of  the  two  principal
leaders,  Oberwinder  and  Scheu,  checked  their  progress.  The
ideas  spread  by  the  International  have  still  a  considerable
number  of  partisans  among  the  working  men  of  the  different
provinces  of  Austria-Hungary,  but  their  attitude  has  latterly
become  less  revolutionary.  The  conflict  of  races,  always  so
fierce,  effects  a  diversion.
What  is  called  the  labour  movement  is  very  active  in  Italy
When  I  visited  the  country  in  1879  I  found  in  the  towns  a
great  number  of  working  men’s  societies  :  people’s  banks
under  the  direction  of  the  well-known  Deputy  Luzzatti  the
“  Italian  Schulze-Delitzsch  ;  ”  aid  societies,  often  under  the
patronage  of  a  great  name,  such  as  Pepoli  at  Bologna,  and
Teano  at  Rome;  co-operative  societies;  societies  for  the
study  of  social  subjects;  trades  unions,  to  say  nothing  of  republican ­
  circles,  secret  societies,  and  the  famous  Circoli  Barsanti.*

asserted  that  he  had  nothing  to  do  with  it,  seeing  that  he  was  absent  from
the  barracks;  and  in  order  to  rehabilitate  his  memory,  the  revolutionists
created  associations  bearing  his  name—CWf  Barsanti.  Their  aim  was
to  attract  soldiers  and  non-commissioned  officers,  in  order  to  enrol  them  in
tneir  party.