BRESLAU.

115

infants  under  a  year  old.  The  extent  to  which  matters  have  improved  in  this
respect  in  Breslau  during  the  15  years  1891-1905  is  indicated  by  the  fact  that
the  infantile  mortality  during  1891-5  averaged  280  per  1,000  births,  during
the  following  quinquennium  278,  and  during  1901-5,  248.  The  birth,  death,
and  infantile  mortality  rates  for  the  years  1901-5  are  shown  in  the  following-Table
  :—

Year.

1901
1902
1903
1904
1905

Mean  Population.

427,164
431,866
438,984
453,231
465,500

Birth-rate

Death-rate

Rate  of  Natural ­
  Increase

per  1,000  of  Mean  Population.

332
33  4
310
317
30-8

25  7
22  7
23  8
234
23  5

7*5
10  7
72
83
7  3

Infant
Mortality
Rate  per
1,000  Born.

277
215
260
236
252

Occupations,  Wages,  and  Hours  of  Labour.

That  commerce  and  transport  rather  than  manufacturing  are  the  dominant
factors  in  Breslau’s  prosperity  will  have  been  inferred  from  what  has  already
been  said.  The  exact  proportionß  in  which  the  occupied  population  is  divided
between  the  two  at  the  present  time  cannot  be  stated  ;  but  at  the  date  of  the
last  occupation  Census  (in  1895),  it  was  found  that  33,405  out  of  a  total  of
108,255  occupied  persons  in  Breslau  were  employed  in  commerce  and  transport.
Among  the  manufacturing  industries  of  the  town  by  far  the  most  important,
from  the  point  of  view  of  numbers  employed,  were  the  clothing  trades.  These
occupied  a  total  of  25,209  persons,  including  12,900  in  tailoring  and  dressmaking, ­
  and  4,448  in  boot  and  shoe-making,  while  the  engineering  trades
employed  7,293  persons.  In  1896,  that  is  to  say,  the  year  following  that  in
which  the  occupation  Census  took  place,  there  were  26,970  workpeople  in
Breslau  employed  in  factories  or  workshops  subject  to  inspection.  By  1904  that
number  had  increased  to  37,212,  distributed  among  the  principal  groups  of
industries  as  shown  below  :—

Group  of  Trades.

Number  of
Establishments.

Building  7.7
Metal-working,  Engineering,  and  Shipr
  building.
■Textiles  ...  ...  ...  ...  ••
Clothing  and  Cleaning
Printing,  Lithography,  Bookbinding,  &c
Paper  ...  ...  ...  ...  ...
Wood-working  and  Carving
Stone  and  Earth
Pood,  Drink,  and  Tobacco  ...
Other  ...  ...  ...  ...  *  -  *
T  otal  ...  .  *  *

13
212
59
1,123
89
50
97*
37
213
84

1,977

Number  of  Workpeople.

Males.

470
13,116
480
1,257
1,806
575
2,622
1,067
2,394
1,236

25,023

Females.

1
654
1,657
5,465
605
1,080
906
145
1,483
193

12,189

Total.

471
13,770
2,137
6,722
2,411
1,655
3,528
1,212
3,877
1,429

37,212

The  above  table  does  not  present  a  true  picture  of  the  relative  importance
of  the  various  trades,  as  only  those  establishments  are  included  which  come
under  the  Factory  and  Workshop  Laws  with  regard  to  inspection.  Thus  the
Workpeople  employed  in  the  building  trades  are  only  represented  to  the  number
of  471,  whereas  the  actual  number  must  be  well  over  10,000  (at  the  date  of  the
occupation  Census  of  1895  it  was  9,195).  The  clothing  trades,  again,  are
represented  as  employing  only  6,722  workpeople,  whereas  in  1895  the  number
was  25,209.  There  are,  in  fact,  relatively  few  of  the  larger  sort  of  factories  and
Works  in  Breslau  such  as  exist  in  towns  of  a  pronounced  industrial  character.