BRESLAU. 
115 
infants under a year old. The extent to which matters have improved in this 
respect in Breslau during the 15 years 1891-1905 is indicated by the fact that 
the infantile mortality during 1891-5 averaged 280 per 1,000 births, during 
the following quinquennium 278, and during 1901-5, 248. The birth, death, 
and infantile mortality rates for the years 1901-5 are shown in the following- 
Table :— 
Year. 
1901 
1902 
1903 
1904 
1905 
Mean Population. 
427,164 
431,866 
438,984 
453,231 
465,500 
Birth-rate 
Death-rate 
Rate of Nat 
ural Increase 
per 1,000 of Mean Population. 
332 
33 4 
310 
317 
30-8 
25 7 
22 7 
23 8 
234 
23 5 
7*5 
10 7 
72 
83 
7 3 
Infant 
Mortality 
Rate per 
1,000 Born. 
277 
215 
260 
236 
252 
Occupations, Wages, and Hours of Labour. 
That commerce and transport rather than manufacturing are the dominant 
factors in Breslau’s prosperity will have been inferred from what has already 
been said. The exact proportionß in which the occupied population is divided 
between the two at the present time cannot be stated ; but at the date of the 
last occupation Census (in 1895), it was found that 33,405 out of a total of 
108,255 occupied persons in Breslau were employed in commerce and transport. 
Among the manufacturing industries of the town by far the most important, 
from the point of view of numbers employed, were the clothing trades. These 
occupied a total of 25,209 persons, including 12,900 in tailoring and dress 
making, and 4,448 in boot and shoe-making, while the engineering trades 
employed 7,293 persons. In 1896, that is to say, the year following that in 
which the occupation Census took place, there were 26,970 workpeople in 
Breslau employed in factories or workshops subject to inspection. By 1904 that 
number had increased to 37,212, distributed among the principal groups of 
industries as shown below :— 
Group of Trades. 
Number of 
Establishments. 
Building 7.7 
Metal-working, Engineering, and Ship- 
r building. 
■Textiles ... ... ... ... •• 
Clothing and Cleaning 
Printing, Lithography, Bookbinding, &c 
Paper ... ... ... ... ... 
Wood-working and Carving 
Stone and Earth 
Pood, Drink, and Tobacco ... 
Other ... ... ... ... * - * 
T otal ... . * * 
13 
212 
59 
1,123 
89 
50 
97* 
37 
213 
84 
1,977 
Number of Workpeople. 
Males. 
470 
13,116 
480 
1,257 
1,806 
575 
2,622 
1,067 
2,394 
1,236 
25,023 
Females. 
1 
654 
1,657 
5,465 
605 
1,080 
906 
145 
1,483 
193 
12,189 
Total. 
471 
13,770 
2,137 
6,722 
2,411 
1,655 
3,528 
1,212 
3,877 
1,429 
37,212 
The above table does not present a true picture of the relative importance 
of the various trades, as only those establishments are included which come 
under the Factory and Workshop Laws with regard to inspection. Thus the 
Workpeople employed in the building trades are only represented to the number 
of 471, whereas the actual number must be well over 10,000 (at the date of the 
occupation Census of 1895 it was 9,195). The clothing trades, again, are 
represented as employing only 6,722 workpeople, whereas in 1895 the number 
was 25,209. There are, in fact, relatively few of the larger sort of factories and 
Works in Breslau such as exist in towns of a pronounced industrial character.