464
STUTTGART.
collars, sewing buttons, edging, hemming and stitching aprons, embroidering
names, &c. The earnings vary from 8&. to 24s. per fortnight, according to the
capacity of the workers, and the rime they can give to the work, which as a
rule alternates with general household duties, though it needs a skilful and
nimble hand to earn more than twopence an hour.
The extent to which female labour is employed in industrial occupations in
Stuttgart, and the proportion of married women, will be seen from the following
classification, which relates to undertakings subject to inspection in the Stuttgart
Factory District in 1905 :—
Group of Trades.
Number of
female
employees.
Of whom
were married.
Metal-working
Machine, implement and apparatus mak
Textiles
Clothing and chemical cleaning
Printing and lithography ...
Paper
Wood-working and carving
Chemicals
Resins, varnishes, oil, soap, candles, &c.
Stone and earth (including brickworks)
Creameries ...
Cigar-making
Other food, drink and tobacco
Leather
Other ... ... ... ...
Total ...
ng
200
273
2,586
3,337
1,059
712
123
41
26
26
7
146
404
94
7
9,041
68
64
657
528
434
246
28
17
5
3
1
56
149
33
2,289
It will be seen that the proportion of female employees who are married is
on the average 25 per cent. ; this is also the proportion amongst the textile
employees, while in the clothing-cleaning trade only 16 per cent, are married,
andin the printing trade over 40 per cent. As compared with 1904 there was
an increase of 2,141 female workers, which is chiefly explained by the addition
to the municipality and factory district of Cannstatt, where are several factories
employing large numbers of women.
Fourteen days is the usual term of notice in Stuttgart ; in some works a
week is adopted by agreement, and in several no notice is necessary at all on
either side. There is no “ normal ” workday. In the machine industry the
hours vary from 8 daily, in one case only, to 9 and 9¿, Saturday being a full
day ; but 54 hours a week is the rule, and these are the hours worked in the
State Railway workshop. The same hours apply to the majority of concerns
in the piano, leather, furniture, and printing trades. In the hosiery industry
56 hours a week are usual in Stuttgart, but factories in the suburbs work
as long as 63 hours. One of the leading hosiery manufacturers introduced
the early Saturday closing system some time ago, and not only have the
workpeople greatly appreciated the relief thus secured to them, but a number
of other works of various kinds have since adopted the innovation. The
Government of Wurtemberg made an inquiry on October 1st, 1905, covering
the whole kingdom, into the question of the hours of labour of adult industrial
workpeople of every class, and the returns showed that the average daily
duration of work in Stuttgart was 9 hours 57 minutes for men, and 9 hours
47 minutes for women. Taking the whole kingdom, 49*9 per cent, of the men
worked 10 hours and less, and 50T per cent, more than 10 hours, while
32*9 per cent, of the women worked 10 hours and less, and 67T per cent,
more than 10 hours. Only 4*8 per cent, of the men, and 2*1 per cent, of the
women, worked 9 hours or less, while at the other extreme 7*2 per cent, of the
men, and 2*67 per cent, of the women, worked 12 hours or over.
Wages agreements are common in Stuttgart, and their number tends to
increase. Agreements have been concluded binding both sides for two or
more years by the masons, stone-cutters, cabinet-makers (both in the building
and the furniture trade), glaziers, smiths, bespoke tailors, plumbers, shoemakers,
brewers, saddlers, paper-hangers, printers, and bookbinders.
