464 
STUTTGART. 
collars, sewing buttons, edging, hemming and stitching aprons, embroidering 
names, &c. The earnings vary from 8&. to 24s. per fortnight, according to the 
capacity of the workers, and the rime they can give to the work, which as a 
rule alternates with general household duties, though it needs a skilful and 
nimble hand to earn more than twopence an hour. 
The extent to which female labour is employed in industrial occupations in 
Stuttgart, and the proportion of married women, will be seen from the following 
classification, which relates to undertakings subject to inspection in the Stuttgart 
Factory District in 1905 :— 
Group of Trades. 
Number of 
female 
employees. 
Of whom 
were married. 
Metal-working 
Machine, implement and apparatus mak 
Textiles 
Clothing and chemical cleaning 
Printing and lithography ... 
Paper 
Wood-working and carving 
Chemicals 
Resins, varnishes, oil, soap, candles, &c. 
Stone and earth (including brickworks) 
Creameries ... 
Cigar-making 
Other food, drink and tobacco 
Leather 
Other ... ... ... ... 
Total ... 
ng 
200 
273 
2,586 
3,337 
1,059 
712 
123 
41 
26 
26 
7 
146 
404 
94 
7 
9,041 
68 
64 
657 
528 
434 
246 
28 
17 
5 
3 
1 
56 
149 
33 
2,289 
It will be seen that the proportion of female employees who are married is 
on the average 25 per cent. ; this is also the proportion amongst the textile 
employees, while in the clothing-cleaning trade only 16 per cent, are married, 
andin the printing trade over 40 per cent. As compared with 1904 there was 
an increase of 2,141 female workers, which is chiefly explained by the addition 
to the municipality and factory district of Cannstatt, where are several factories 
employing large numbers of women. 
Fourteen days is the usual term of notice in Stuttgart ; in some works a 
week is adopted by agreement, and in several no notice is necessary at all on 
either side. There is no “ normal ” workday. In the machine industry the 
hours vary from 8 daily, in one case only, to 9 and 9¿, Saturday being a full 
day ; but 54 hours a week is the rule, and these are the hours worked in the 
State Railway workshop. The same hours apply to the majority of concerns 
in the piano, leather, furniture, and printing trades. In the hosiery industry 
56 hours a week are usual in Stuttgart, but factories in the suburbs work 
as long as 63 hours. One of the leading hosiery manufacturers introduced 
the early Saturday closing system some time ago, and not only have the 
workpeople greatly appreciated the relief thus secured to them, but a number 
of other works of various kinds have since adopted the innovation. The 
Government of Wurtemberg made an inquiry on October 1st, 1905, covering 
the whole kingdom, into the question of the hours of labour of adult industrial 
workpeople of every class, and the returns showed that the average daily 
duration of work in Stuttgart was 9 hours 57 minutes for men, and 9 hours 
47 minutes for women. Taking the whole kingdom, 49*9 per cent, of the men 
worked 10 hours and less, and 50T per cent, more than 10 hours, while 
32*9 per cent, of the women worked 10 hours and less, and 67T per cent, 
more than 10 hours. Only 4*8 per cent, of the men, and 2*1 per cent, of the 
women, worked 9 hours or less, while at the other extreme 7*2 per cent, of the 
men, and 2*67 per cent, of the women, worked 12 hours or over. 
Wages agreements are common in Stuttgart, and their number tends to 
increase. Agreements have been concluded binding both sides for two or 
more years by the masons, stone-cutters, cabinet-makers (both in the building 
and the furniture trade), glaziers, smiths, bespoke tailors, plumbers, shoe 
makers, brewers, saddlers, paper-hangers, printers, and bookbinders.