BERLIN. 
When in 1871 Berlin, already the capital of the Prussian monarchy, became 
the metropolis of a united Empire, its population was 824,484. At the census 
of December 1st, 1905, its population numbered 2,040,148, the increase since 
the preceding census of 1900 having been 151,300, or 8'01 per cent., and during 
the preceding decade 362,844, or 21*63 per cent. ISTor has this expansion been 
the result in any notable degree, as in the case of many large towns, of the 
incorporation of outlying townships. There are in the street nomenclature of 
Berlin “ chaussées ” and “ allées ” which speak of the absorption of former rural 
areas, and in these streets may still be seen old-fashioned buildings whose origin 
goes back to the time when the " chaussee ” or “ allee ” was a sandy road leading 
through a forest of fir trees or through open com land, but Berlin’s growth has 
been due pre-eminently to the inrush of population which began with the 
industrial and commercial development that immediately followed the war of 
1870-1. 
The percentage of the total increase due to this movement from the outside 
and to excess of births respectively is here shown for successive inter-censal 
periods :— 
Inter-censal Periods. 
1871 to 1875 
1875 „ 1880 
1880 » 1885 
1885 „ 1890 
1890 „ 1895 
1895 „ 1900 
1900 „ 1905 
Percentage of total increase due to 
Excess of Immigration 
over Emigration. 
Excess of 
Births over Deaths. 
74*78 
55-65 
68-40 
70-60 
16-57 
59-99 
46-26 
2522 
44-35 
31-60 
29-40 
8343 
4001 
53-74 
It was found at the census of 1905 that of 2,040,148 inhabitants only 
822,270, or 40*3 per cent., were born in Berlin ; of 1,217,878 born elsewhere, 
1,062,074, or 52T per cent, of the total population, came from other parts of 
Prussia, and 103,674, or 5T per cent., from other German States. 
The effect of this recent development, and of the entire transformation which 
the original town, save in a comparatively limited area, has undergone, is that 
Berlin can claim to be one of the most modern of capitals. 
The structure and laying out of the town have followed practical lines, and 
have been deliberately devised for practical ends. The streets are long and run 
in straight lines, and their symmetry is perfect. To that extent convenience is 
served in a high degree, though the total effect is somewhat monotonous to anyone 
accustomed to the unsystematic formation of the ordinary English town ; for 
one street succeeds another, as one house succeeds another, alike in plan and 
structure, until any sort of curve or corner would be a relief to the eye. 
There is a Berlin and a Greater Berlin. The nuclei of Berlin proper were 
the two townships of Berlin and Kölln, Wen dish colonies, one on the right and 
the other on the left bank of the Spree, which early in the fourteenth century 
joined together, and for a time ruled themselves as a republic. In the seventeenth 
century the small towns of Friedrichswerder and Dorotheenstadt were added, 
though the united population at the beginning of the eighteenth century is only 
estimated to have been 57,000. The four original components of Berlin still 
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