MINERAL PRODUCTS. 
17 
in Arkansas, and the Livermore and Tesla districts in California. 
Districts of minor importance are the New River region in Virginia, 
the northeastern Tennessee region, the McCormick region in South 
Carolina, and the Little Grande district in Utah. Mining and ship 
ping in Virginia are now confined to the Blue Ridge and James 
River-Staunton River regions. 
Manganiferous iron ores consist of mixtures of manganese and 
iron oxides and hydrous oxides, which, though usually containing 
manganese in excess of 5 per cent, may contain as little as 1 per cent. 
The proportion of iron in such ores is highly variable, but usually 
exceeds 40 per cent. Manganiferous iron ores occur in the United 
States chiefly in the New England, Appalachian, and Lake Superior 
regions, and minor deposits are found in the southern part of the 
Mississippi Valley and in the Rocky Mountain region. High-grade 
manganiferous iron ore used for its manganese content occurs in 
the Appalachian region. Other manganiferous iron ores, which are 
so low in manganese that they are classed as iron ores, are produced 
in the Appalachian and Lake Superior districts. In the blast fur 
nace they yield a " high-manganese " pig iron, which is used for 
special purposes. 
' Manganiferous silver ores consist of mixtures of manganese and 
iron oxides and hydrous oxides, with small quantities of silver and 
lead minerals. As a rule the iron content exceeds the manganese 
content, but locally the iron is altogether absent. 
Manganiferous silver ores occur in the Rocky Mountain and 
Great Basin regions, the principal producing locality being Lead 
ed lie, Colo. Leadville ores have been used in making spiegeleisen 
from time to time, but none are now used for this purpose. 
Manganiferous zinc residuum is an artificial furnace product con 
sisting of manganese and iron oxides in a matrix of slag. It is 
obtained from zinc volatilizing and oxidizing furnaces using New 
Jersey zinc ores. Small quantities of zinc residuum are used annu 
ally in the manufacture of spiegeleisen. 
Bulletin 427 of the United States Geological Survey (“ Manganese 
Deposits of the United States,” by E. C. Harder), which is still 
available for free distribution, contains brief descriptions of most 
of the known deposits of manganese in this country and the impor 
tant deposits of other countries, and concise summaries of the chem 
istry and mineralogy of manganese. 
ZINC. 
By a queer coincidence the great smelting centers of continental 
Europe are in regions where active fighting is now going on or may 
be expected in the near future. The zinc smelters of Upper Silesia 
are in the extreme southeastern portion of Prussia, mostly in the 
50170°—Bull. 599—14 2