begins experimental work. Most of the troubles of the 
industries have a chemical origin. Most of the Institute’s 
researches are therefore in the closely related provinces of 
chemistry and chemical engineering; but the solution of 
many problems requires the cooperative efforts of the chemist 
and the physicist or the biologist. 
Following the approval of the executive staff to a definite 
program of research, the experimental stage is entered. It 
embraces laboratory work and contact with the donor 
through regular progress reports and necessary conferences. 
The developmental stage, which follows the laboratory or 
experimental investigation, includes the working out of 
processes or the preparation of produets on first a unit-plant 
scale and then in the donor's factory. It is essentially 
chemical engineering in character, and stress is placed on 
those chemical and physical facts that are of direct economic 
interest. A process may be carried out on a laboratory scale 
with entire success; but just as soon as it is put in operation 
under semi-commercial conditions, or on an industrial plant 
scale, it may fail through inadvertent neglect of engineering 
*actors. Hence plant-size investigations, involving considerable 
financial outlay, are often necessary in industrial research. 
Research at the Institute is not of the individual type, 
carried out for the personal gratification and advancement 
of scholarship of the industrial fellows. It is institutional in 
that it is conducted by scientists, working independently or 
‘'n varying measure of cooperation, as members of an organ- 
‘zed agency, designed to serve industry. The effort is made 
to administer the Industrial Fellowships in such a way as to 
snable their holders to put forth their best efforts. 
The renewal of many industrial fellowships, year after 
year, attests to their productivity and to the confidence that 
‘heir donors have in the Institute. It is of interest to mention 
aere that the incumbents of the larger and older industrial 
fellowships are recognized generally as specialists in the 
particular branches of technology in which they are conduct- 
‘ng investigations. 
The United States Department of Commerce has ex- 
pressed the opinion that ‘among constructive activities of 
trade associations none is more fitting nor more profitable