368 
MUNICH. 
the aspect of the surroundings and of the resident population. There are com 
paratively few factories and workshops of any size in the heart of the city ; for 
these one must go to the suburbs, and it is here, too, that the labouring classes 
will for the most part be found. 
A feature of Munich life and Bavarian life generally is the outdoor work, 
often of an arduous kind, which is done by women. In rural Germany every 
where women take their place in the field and farmyard, in the work of forest 
and garden, and in any German town they may he seen drawing along the 
streets little carts laden with wood or other wares. In Bavaria, however, women 
work alongside of men in callings still more onerous. They act as hod-hearers ; 
they break huge stones with heavy hammers in the " Bauplatz ” (the site of 
building operations) ; they chop faggots in the street for householders, and carry 
heavy loads on the wooden racks suspended from their shoulders ; and in Munich 
a considerable part of the work of street cleaning is done by women, who are 
paid 2s. 6d. for a long day’s exertion. The wood choppers and street cleaners 
are strongly-built women, for the most part apparently of middle age (unless 
exposure has prematurely aged them), somewhat bent yet tenacious looking, 
with faces furrowed, weather-beaten, and tanned. They bear their work well, 
and seem capable of any exertion. Public opinion would not appear to judge 
the employment of women in this way with disfavour, though it is significant 
that the Nuremberg masons’ labourers not long ago petitioned their employers 
to discontinue the employment of women on building works. 
Munich had a birth rate in 1905 of 30'3 per 1,000 of the population, com 
paring with 42 3 per 1,000 on the average of the years 1876-1880 ; the marriages 
were 8*9 per 1,000 in 1905 ; and the death rate was 20T per 1,000, showing 
a reduction of 5 per 1,000 during the past 10 years, but one of 9 per 1,000 
when compared with 20 years ago. The illegitimate births were 27*2 per cent, 
of all births, compared with 12'6 per cent, for Bavaria as a whole. The rate 
of infant mortality in 1905 was 226 per 1,000 births. Here there has been 
slow but steady improvement during the past 20 years ; in the ’eighties it 
exceeded 300 per 1,000, and in 1871 it was 417. The deaths from tuberculosis 
in 1905 were 3*3 per 1,000 of the population ; the deaths from tuberculosis of 
the lungs were 2'9 per thousand, showing a very slight decrease on the past 
ten years, though a large one on the rate of 30 years ago, which was 4 per 1,000. 
The following table shows the birth and death-rates and the infantile 
mortality for a period of five years :— 
Year. 
Birth-rate per 1,000 of 
the population. 
1901 
1902 
J903 
1904 
1905 
36*4 
351 
331 
319 
303 
Death-rate per 1,000 of 
the population. 
22 2 
214 
207 
20 5 
201 
Infantile mortality 
per 1,000 births. 
246 
240 
239 
229 
226 
A comparison of the mortality rates in 1905 in certain working-class 
districts with those of the town generally gives the following results :— 
The whole town 
District 14 
„ 15 
„ 17 
„ 18 
,, 20 
Death-rate per 1,000 
of population. 
Infantile mortality 
per 1,000 births. 
201 
249 
25 1 
26 0 
29 5 
28-7 
226 
258 
238 
314 
313 
312 
A large variety of undertakings of public utility are carried on by the 
municipality. They include, in addition to gas, electricity, and water supplies.