THE  TECHNIQUE  OF  GIVING  TESTS  167

■will  become  increasingly  necessary  to  prevent  duplication.
A  person,  making  application  for  a  job  a  few  months  after
having  been  examined  and  rejected  for  the  same  position,
is  likely  to  do  much  better  work  in  the  tests.  If  a  second
and  even  a  third  trial  is  allowed,  the  essential  nature  and
meaning  of  the  tests  will  be  radically  changed.  Therefore, ­
  some  definite  decision  must  be  made  on  the  course
to  be  pursued  in  such  a  contingency.  Should  a  second  or
third  trial  be  allowed,  and  should  an  individual  be  graded
on  the  basis  of  his  improvement  during  the  interval?  The
answer  to  this  question  must  be  Yes  and  No.  As  will  be
pointed  out  in  greater  detail  further  on,  tests  are  of  two
general  kinds:  first,  tests  designed  to  bring  out  an  individual’s ­
  innate  ability;  and  secondly,  tests  designed  to
make  clear  his  degree  of  training,  education,  and  experience. ­
  As  instances  of  the  first  type,  we  may  mention
the  cancellation  test,  the  form-board  test  51,  and  the
tachistoscope  tests.  Although  training  does  play  a  part
m  the  performance  of  these  tests,  nevertheless  native
quickness  and  alertness  are  the  most  important  factors.
As  examples  of  the  second  type  we  may  name  the  multiplication ­
  and  division  tests,  the  spelling  test,  and  the
dictation  tests.  These  tests  are  intended  to  measure  the
degree  of  education  which  has  been  secured  by  the  applicant. ­
  Where  tests  to  determine  native  ability  have  been
given,  no  second  trial  should  be  allowed,  except  in  so  far  as
the  second  result  is  used  to  show  the  effects  of  practice.
Where  the  object  is  to  discover  the  degree  of  education,
a uy  number  of  trials  should  be  allowed.  A  stenographer,
for  instance,  ought  to  be  allowed  a  second  trial  after  an
mterval  of  two  weeks  or  a  month,  because,  during  that
time,  she  may  have  learned  much  and  acquired  a  decided
mcrease  in  speed.  However,  in  order  to  avoid  deception