«»&t»33BKBw®55

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EMPLOYMENT  PSYCHOLOGY,  LABOR,  AND  INDUSTRY  381
tries,  and  governments  as  well.  “The  higher  the  fewer”
is  a  phrase  the  significance  of  which  is  now  becoming
axiomatic.  With  regard  to  labor  turnover,  it  may  be
interpreted  as  meaning  the  higher  the  education  the  lower
the  turnover.  If  statistics  were  available  they  would
undoubtedly  show  that  the  turnover  among  college  graduates ­
  is  lower  than  among  any  less  educated  group.  The
same  principle  applies  to  every  trade  and  profession
which  requires  a  thorough  training  and  preparation.  The
expert  tool  maker  and  mechanic  is  one  of  the  steadiest
of  all  workers.  Wherever  he  is,  he  holds  a  dignified  and
respected  position.  The  same  may  be  said  of  every  other
craft  or  occupation  which  requires  educated  talent.  Education, ­
  health,  and  employment  go  hand  in  hand.
As  a  corollary  of  this  fact,  it  may  be  stated  that  the
fundamental  cause  of  unemployment  and  instability  is
the  lack  of  education.  For  the  past  fifty  years  the  education ­
  of  boys  and  men  for  industrial  work  has  been
neglected.  The  large  number  of  expert  mechanics,  chemists, ­
  opticians,  wood  and  iron  workers,  decorators,  etc.,
etc.,  were  drawn  from  European  countries,  notably  France,
Germany,  Switzerland,  Sweden,  Austria,  and  England.
As  a  consequence,  the  education  of  the  youth  of  this
country  was  neglected,  and  they  were  compelled  to  be
satisfied  with  places  requiring  less  expert  ability.  In
addition  to  this  cause  was  the  development  of  automatic
machines  and  the  breaking  down  of  all  manufacturing
operations  into  a  series  of  comparatively  simple  elements.
Flow  far  the  simplification  and  division  of  labor  have  been
due  to  the  lack  of  experts  and  educated  workers  who  were
able  to  carry  out  an  entire  process,  and  how  much  of  it
is  due  to  the  inventive  genius  of  a  small  number  of  exceptional ­
  individuals,  is  a  question  which  can  never  be