MUNICH.
369
a stock market and abattoir, baths, a labour registry, a museum illustrating contrivances
for the welfare of the working classes, a savings bank, a series of
pawnshops ; and the town also subsidises many philanthropic agencies for the
amelioration, both physically and intellectually, of the condition of the people.
Occupations, Wages, and Hours of Labour.
The industries of Munich are multifarious, and several are of large extent.
The leading places are taken by the machine and metal, clothing, wood, beer, and
polygraphic (printing and lithography) industries, which between them employed
38,755 persons in 1905. The metal industry includes a number of firms engaged
in art work of various kinds similar to that for which Nuremberg is famous. There
are important leather, boot and shoe, and glove manufactories ; several paper
mills exist in the suburbs ; and some large brickworks near Munich employ many
hundreds of hands. Glass painting is one of Munich’s most valued industries, and
its products go to all parts of the world. A constructive and repairing workshop
in connection with the Bavarian State Railways is located here. The following
is the grouping of the “ industrial undertakings ” of Munich (that is, the
undertakings which fall under factory inspection and employ motor power, and
which virtually embrace the whole of the industrial classes, handicrafts excluded)
in 1905, arranged according to the German official classification of occupations :—
Group of Trades.
Number
of
Establishments.
Number of Workpeople.
Males,
over 16
years.
Females
over 16
years.
Juveniles,
14 but
not over
16 years.
Children
under 14
years.
Total.
ßuildm^ ... ... ... ...
Metal-working
Machine, implement, and apparatus
making.
Textiles
Clothing and cleaning
Printing, lithography, bookbinding,
&c.
Paper ... ... ... ...
Woodworking and carving
Chemicals ...
Resins, varnishes, oil, soap,
candles, &c.
Stone and earth
Breweries and small malting
houses.
Other trades connected with food,
drink, and tobacco.
Licensed premises ...
Miscellaneous
Total
793
858
487
81
2,160
139
136
883
113
36
195
52
1,424
1,929
74
10,025
4,710
8,842
169
3,591
3,214
477
4,685
631
612
1,348
4,118
3,553
1,689
378
266
300
157
477
4,064
1,376
826
501
256
190
145
153
827
5,890
38
350
804
515
28
853
309
107
508
13
36
67
4
420
221
6
9,655
49,582
15,977
4,363
5
11
34
3
2
3
1
72
10,646
5,825
9,514
674
8,542
4,902
1,412
5,697
901
838
1,560
4,275
4,805
7,803
422
69,994
The hours of labour vary in different industries from 57 to 60 per week ;
only in a few works are shorter or longer hours observed. Work is commonly
carried on from 6 o’clock to 6 o’clock or from 7 o’clock to 7 o’clock, with a
dinner pause of an hour and a half and a pause of half an hour both
in the forenoon and afternoon, but in some cases there is only a midday
pause. As a rule work ceases half an hour or an hour earlier on Saturday..
Wao-es are almost universally paid each week. The custom as to the
determination of service varies alike in different industries and in different
concerns belonging to the same industry. W hile in a majority of cases a
week’s or a fortnight’s notice is required on either side, in others (e.g.,
the engineering industry and certain works in the leather industry) no notice at
all is needed, and an employer may dismiss a workman or a w orkman leave his
employer at any moment without cause assigned. Not rarely this arrangement
is preferred by the men, while employers do not seem to find it inconvenient in
practice ; on the contrary, they contend that it produces a steadying influence
and promotes a spirit of accommodation on both sides. I en legal holidays are
3 A
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