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PONTIFICIAE ACADEMIAE SCIENTIARVM SCRIPTA VARIA

sibility of concentrating all information at some central point
and in believing that all decisions can sensibly be taken at this
point. The difficulties that follow this approach are increasingly
 recognised in centrally planned economies and the natural
 dialectical process may be expected to produce a better
balance between the centre and the periphery.
The second reaction has the merit of recognising the fact
that different decisions belong to different centres. Its shortcomings,
 which derive largely from the partial abandonment
of one coherent political philosophy without the acceptance of
a new one, lie in an exaggerated notion of the usefulness of
modifying some part of a system while ignoring the others:
specific acts are justified in terms of the necessity to do something
 in the area concerned and of the immediate effects
intended. The bad consequences of this kind of sporadic planning
 are becoming every day more obvious, but it is not yet
realised that the more one tries to plan a system without studying
 it as a whole, the less one is likely to succeed.
Thus it is a mistake to associate planning with collectivism
and antiplanning with private ownership. We should make
better progress if we thought in terms of good planning and
bad planning, that is, of functional and unfunctional design.
In other words, having agreed on what the system is supposed
 to do, we should make sure that the operating controls
are designed so as to get it done. If we look at planning from
this point of view, we are likely to discover that the key problems
 of economic organisation are the following.
First, the administrative machinery, public and private,
which has grown up historically will often exhibit cases where
a given function is duplicated and cases where a given function
is simply not performed or where the arrangements for performing
 it are unsatisfactory. An example of this in Britain
is the large number of agencies, both public and private,
concerned in one way or another with the problems of redundancy
 and retraining: obviously this part of the administrative

1] Stone - pag. 24