Their  Relation  to  Higher  Educational  Finance

19

ment,  all  secondary  and  higher  education.  It  is  conspicuous  that  financial
support  was  given  to  the  state  university  and  secondary  education  twentyseven
  years  before  it  was  extended  to  elementary  education  in  France. 6
Here,  as  in  Germany,  it  was  the  development  of  the  feeling  that  it  was  to
the  ad  van  tage  of  the  state  to  educate  its  citizens  that  brought  about  state
support.  It  was  part  of  the  scheme  of  Nationalism.
England  and  Its  Philanthropic-Religious  Institutions
A  different  development  is  to  be  found  in  England.  The  close  Connection ­
  between  church  and  state  which  is  still  to  be  found,  implies  that
support  for  a  large  part  of  higher  education  is  not  yet  entirely  divorced
from  that  of  religion.  It  was  this  close  Connection  which  is  found
between  state,  church,  and  higher  education  that  prompted  a  more  liberal
group  to  found  the  London  School  of  Economics.  By  far  the  largest  Proportion ­
  of  financial  support  for  higher  education  in  England,  therefore,
first  came  from  philanthropic-religious  organizations.  Even  those  institutions
  not  connected  with  the  church  of  England  were  at  first  religious
in  character.  Later,  religious  and  Philanthropie  support  was  supplemented
by  forms  of  land  grants  to  those  institutions  already  in  existence. 7  This
was  the  beginning  of  direct  state  support  for  higher  education  in  England.
Additional  state  help  was  given  later  but  even  at  the  present  time  no
state  institution  for  higher  learning  has  been  established  as  such.
The  Early  Colonial  Period  in  America
In  America  as  in  European  countries,  the  institutions  of  higher  learning ­
  were  philanthropic-religious.  This  was  inevitable,  due  to  European
influence  during  the  early  development.  The  Philanthropie  sources,  however,
  differed;  mostly  religious  at  first  in  a  population  where  no  great
fortunes  had  as  yet  been  amassed,  the  contributions  were  numerous  and
varied.  There  were  a  large  number  of  small  gifts  and  no  small  amount
came  from  England,  due  for  the  most  part,  to  the  influence  of  religious
organizations.  This  applies  to  the  entire  history  of  American  College
building  and  it  was  not  until  recently  that  large  sums  were  given  by  one
donor.  Many  of  the  gifts  were  for  specific  purposes  such  as  libraries,
professorships,  scholarships,  and  buildings,  but  a  relatively  large  per  cent.
of  these  were  made  to  the  Colleges  unconditionally. 8
During  these  years  America  contributed  little  to  theoretical  discussions
of  higher  education  and  its  financial  support.  As  time  went  on,  the  idea
6  Monroe—Op.  Cit.,  p.  732.
Ubid.,  p.  733.
8  J.  B.  Sears—“Philanthropy  in  American  Higher  Education”,  U.  S.  Bureau  of  Education
Bulletin  No.  26,  1922,  p.  105.