Der Salzhandel, die Salinen und Salzbergwerke Württembergs im 19. Jahrhundert

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Monograph

Identifikator:: 1023136384

URN:: urn:nbn:de:zbw-retromon-39354

Document type:: Monograph

Author:: Neumann, Paul

Title:: Der Salzhandel, die Salinen und Salzbergwerke Württembergs im 19. Jahrhundert

Place of publication:: Tübingen

Publisher:: Druck von H. Laupp jr.

Year of publication:: 1912

Scope:: 1 Online-Ressource (III, 175 Seiten)

Digitisation:: 2018

Collection:: Economics Books

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Document type:: Monograph

Structure type:: Chapter

Title:: I. Abschnitt. Allgemeine Darstellung

Collection:: Economics Books

CHAPTER IV. PARTIAL ASSOCIATION, 1-2. Uncertainty in interpretation of an observed association—38-5. Source of the ambiguity : partial associations—6-8. Illusory association due to the association of each of two attributes with a third—9. Estima- tion of the partial associations from the frequencies of the second order—10-12. The total number of associations for a given number of attributes—13-14. The case of complete independence. 1. If we find that in any given case (4B)> or $3) all that is known is that there is a relation of some sort or kind between 4 and B. The result by itself cannot tell as whether the relation is direct, whether possibly it is only due to fluctuations of sampling” (cf. Chap. III. § 7-8), or whether it is of any other particular kind that we may happen to have in our minds at the moment. Any interpretation of the meaning of the association is necessarily hypothetical, and the number of possible alternative hypotheses is in general considerable. 9. The commonest of all forms of alternative hypothesis is of this kind : it is argued that the relation between the two attributes A and B is not direct, but due, in some way, to the association of A with C and of B with C. An illustration or two will make the matter clearer :— (1) An association is observed between vaccination” and « exemption from attack by small-pox,” i.e. more of the vaccinated than of the unvaccinated are exempt from attack. It is argued that this does not imply a protective effect of vaccination, but is wholly due to the fact that most of the unvaccinated are drawn from the lowest classes, living in very unhygienic conditions. Denoting vaccination by A, exemption from attack by B, hygienic conditions by C, the argument is that the observed association between 4 and J is due to the associations of both with C Q°; il

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