An Introduction to the theory of statistics

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Monograph

Identifikator:: 1753937256

URN:: urn:nbn:de:zbw-retromon-129408

Document type:: Monograph

Author:: Lösener, Bernhard http://d-nb.info/gnd/122898427

Title:: Grundriß des deutschen Zollrechts

Place of publication:: Hamburg, Berlin, Leipzig

Publisher:: Hermes

Year of publication:: 1927

Scope:: 153 Seiten

Digitisation:: 2021

Collection:: Economics Books

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Chapter

Document type:: Monograph

Structure type:: Chapter

Title:: Erster Teil. Die Grundlagen

Collection:: Economics Books

IV.—PARTIAL ASSOCIATION. 51 Male line. ~~ Female line. Mixed record. p RISIISWIRA Dirt 3d 25 percent. 1 per cent. 13 per cent. Parents with attribute and | 2% 17 children without . a } ! = Parents without attribute | | 5 17 and children with } f » B . . Parents without attribute and children without . 25 y Hl BS Here 13/30 =43 per cent. of the offspring of parents with the attribute possess the attribute themselves, but only 17/70 =24 per cent. of the offspring of parents without the attribute. The association between attribute in parent and attribute in offspring is, however, due solely to the association of both with male sex. The student will see that if records for male-female and female- male lines were mixed, the illusory association would be negative, and that if all four lines were combined there would be no illusory association at all. 8. Illusory associations may also arise in a different way through the personality of the observer or observers. If the observer’s attention fluctuates, he may be more likely to notice the presence of 4 when he notices the presence of B, and vice versa ; in such a case 4 and B (so far as the record goes) will both be associated with the observer's attention C, and consequently an illusory association will be created. Again, if the attributes are not well defined, one observer may be more generous than another in deciding when to record the presence of 4 and also the presence of 5, and even one observer may fluctuate in the generosity of his marking. In this case the recording of 4 and the recording of 2B will both be associated with the generosity of the observer in recording their presence, C, and an illusory association between 4 and 2 will consequently arise, as before. 9. It is important to notice that, though we cannot actually determine the partial associations unless the third-order frequency (4BC) is given, we can make some conjecture as to their sign from the values of the second-order frequencies. Suppose, for instance, that— (dBc) = HOEY) 4 | (©) 16 =) (dy)(By) | ABy) = 3 ( y) (y) + 0g | (5

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