146 NATURE OF CAPITAL AND INCOME [CHar. IX

ing, for instance, is the transformation of yarn into cloth
by a rearrangement in the relative position of the warp and
woof. Spinning, likewise, consists of moving, stretching,
and twisting fibers into yarn; sewing, of changing the position
 of thread so that it may hold cloth together; and so
with carding, wool-sorting, shearing, and all the other
operations which constitute the manufacture of fabrics. |
All manufacture and agriculture consist simply of a |
series of transformations of wealth, and each transformation
is two-faced. On the part of the transformed instrument
(or instruments) the transformation is a disservice; on the
part of the transforming instrument (or instruments) it is a
service. We have seen that when a carpenter and his tools
transform a house, i.e. build or repair it, he and his tools
are credited and the house is debited. The same is true
when the painter decorates it or the janitor cleans it.
When a cobbler transforms leather into shoes, he is performing
 services; the shoes at each stage are occasioning
disservices, or costs. When a bootblack transforms dirty
shoes into clean and polished ones, he likewise is rendering
services, and the shoes, disservices. In like manner, a loom
which produces cloth out of yarn is to be credited with this
operation as income, while the stock of cloth receiving the
product of the loom is to be debited with the very same item
as part of its outgo or “cost of production.”
Again, land renders a service in producing wheat. On
the part of the wheat, however, this is a disservice. Wheat
production is a service of land, a disservice of wheat, If
we consider a farm as pouring its crop into the stock of
wheat of a granary, the entry of wheat from farm to wheat
stock is credited to the farm as its service and debited to the
wheat stock as its disservice.
Sometimes, as has been said, the interaction consists not
In causing a change, but in preventing one. A warehouse
renders its service as a means of storing bales of cotton, i.e.
protecting them from the elements. This storage is, how-