THE  VOCATIONAL  VALUE  OF  TESTS  173
educated  and  specially  qualified  young  men  a  general
knowledge  of  the  work  of  the  organization,  with  a  view
to  preparing  them  to  fill  the  higher  executive  positions.
In  the  first  flush  of  enthusiasm  with  which  various
organizations  adopted  an  educational  program,  the  work
of  education  was  often  carried  on  in  a  most  profligate  and
indiscriminating  manner.  Often  it  was  done  entirely
■without  consideration  for  the  needs  and  benefits  of  the
organization  fostering  it,  and  as  if  the  industry  were
obliged  to  educate  and  uplift,  regardlessly,  every  one  of  its
employees.  The  result  of  these  attempts  has  been  a  most
unfavorable  discrepancy  between  the  energy  expended  and
the  results  achieved.  Instead  of  solving  the  vocational
problems  of  the  organization,  the  practice  created  new
problems  which  the  organization  was  left  to  settle.  Out
of  these  earlier  unsuccessful  trials,  the  following  principles ­
  have  emerged:  First,  the  primary  aim  of  the  educational ­
  work  carried  on  within  an  industrial  organization
ls  to  train  employees  for  immediate  usefulness  within  the
organization  itself.  Secondly,  the  more  general  forms  of
e ducation  can  be  better  carried  on  and,  from  every  point
°f  view,  should  be  conducted  by  community  rather  than
private  enterprise.
Even  when  vocational  education  is  considered  in  its
most  practical  aspect,  the  organization  still  raises  the
Questions:  How  far  shall  our  educational  facilities  be  extended? ­
  How  shall  we  guide  the  right  employee  into  the
tight  course  of  instruction  ?  How  can  we  guard  ourselves
against  wasting  effort  by  teaching  the  wrong  thing  to  the
Strong  man?  These  are  exactly  the  questions  which  the
employment  manager  must  also  ask  when  he  is  in  the  act
°f  hiring  a  new  employee;  for  nearly  all  work  involves  a
eertain  amount  of  training  and  education,  and  any  mistake