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EMPLOYMENT PSYCHOLOGY, LABOR, AND INDUSTRY 381 
tries, and governments as well. “The higher the fewer” 
is a phrase the significance of which is now becoming 
axiomatic. With regard to labor turnover, it may be 
interpreted as meaning the higher the education the lower 
the turnover. If statistics were available they would 
undoubtedly show that the turnover among college grad 
uates is lower than among any less educated group. The 
same principle applies to every trade and profession 
which requires a thorough training and preparation. The 
expert tool maker and mechanic is one of the steadiest 
of all workers. Wherever he is, he holds a dignified and 
respected position. The same may be said of every other 
craft or occupation which requires educated talent. Edu 
cation, health, and employment go hand in hand. 
As a corollary of this fact, it may be stated that the 
fundamental cause of unemployment and instability is 
the lack of education. For the past fifty years the edu 
cation of boys and men for industrial work has been 
neglected. The large number of expert mechanics, chem 
ists, opticians, wood and iron workers, decorators, etc., 
etc., were drawn from European countries, notably France, 
Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, Austria, and England. 
As a consequence, the education of the youth of this 
country was neglected, and they were compelled to be 
satisfied with places requiring less expert ability. In 
addition to this cause was the development of automatic 
machines and the breaking down of all manufacturing 
operations into a series of comparatively simple elements. 
Flow far the simplification and division of labor have been 
due to the lack of experts and educated workers who were 
able to carry out an entire process, and how much of it 
is due to the inventive genius of a small number of ex 
ceptional individuals, is a question which can never be