Appendix A.
INDO-PERSIAN TERMS FOR LAND-REVENUE
VARIOUS expressions which occur in the literature of the Moslem
period have been treated by translators as synonyms, and
rendered as “land-revenue,” or more shortly, “revenue” a
word which, as used in India, is itself ambiguous. For the
purpose of interpretation it is necessary to distinguish between
some of these expressions, and to formulate a precise phrase-
ology. The conclusions stated in this appendix are derived
from a collection of all the relevant passages which I have found
in the Indo-Persian literature recorded in the List of Authorities
‘Appendix I), from the thirteenth century Tabaqat-i Nasir,
down to the chronicle of Khwifi Khan, which is nearly five
centuries later.
For the present purpose it is advisable to discard the am-
biguous word “revenue,” and I use the following terms in the
precise sense stated opposite to each.
ProDUCE.—The gross yield of crops, whether stated by weight
or by value.
DEMAND.—The amount or value of Produce claimed as the
share of the State, whatever the system of assessment, and
whoever the actual claimant.
INCOME.—The amount realised or expected from the Demand
granted or assigned to an individual.
VALUATION.—An estimate of the probable future Income
from any area, required in order to facilitate the allocation of
Grants or Assignments to claimants entitled to a stated Income.
I'he expressions which require consideration are as follows :—
I. KHARAJ. As explained in Chapter I, sec. 3, this is a precise
term of Islamic law, denoting the tribute claimed from con-
quered land left in the possession of non-Moslems, and enuring
for the benefit of Moslems in general. With the development
of separate Moslem States, this latter incident came to be
eliminated in practice, and khar3j was expended by the King
who collected it from his dominions. The word gradually becomes
iess common in the literature, being replaced by other expressions
10ted below, but, almost wherever it is used, it is precise in
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