APPENDIX A 
211 
is, they may refer to any claim made by the State against an 
individual, whether it be for Demand, or for a debt, or for 
property misappropriated, or for the balance of an account. 
So far as I can find, the two words are synonymous. 
5. MuTALaBA. In the earlier literature this word denotes 
“the process of demanding.” The modern use as “Demand” 
seems to occur first in the Badshihnama (II. 365); it is well 
established in Khwifi Khan. 
6. ManusUL.—This word does not occur in any general sense, 
and its technical use is ambiguous. Ordinarily it means Demand, 
but in some cases it certainly denotes Produce, and, in a few, 
average-Produce. Khwaifi Khin sometimes distinguished the 
first two senses by writing mahsul-i jinsi for Produce, and mahsiil-i 
mal for Demand (e.g. i. 731, 734); but as a rule he, like the 
earlier writers, used the word by itself, and the context is the 
only guide to its interpretation. 
The earliest writers usually meant Demand, and this sense 
prevails throughout the unofficial literature. A clear instance 
of “Produce” is Ain, i. 286, which refers to the mahsil having 
been removed from the field; another is in Aurangzeb’s farmian 
to Muhammad Hashim, where (4, 14) the Demand is fixed at 
half the mahsil; and there are a few cases elsewhere in which 
the word can be read as Produce, but they are not entirely free 
from ambiguity. 
The special meaning of ““average-Produce,” occurs in Ain, 
I. 297 ff, and there is no doubt about it, because we have a 
formal definition, followed by numerical examples, showing 
how the average was calculated. The same sense is appropriate 
In one or two other passages in the Ain, but I think it must be 
regarded purely as office-jargon, and it would be dangerous to 
read it into the unofficial literature. 
7. HAsiL, which is etymologically related to mahsil, has, 
like it, the two meanings of Demand and Produce ; and the 
two words are sometimes used for the sake of variety of diction, 
as when Jahangir wrote (Tizuk, 252), that there is no mabhsiil 
on fruit-trees, and that the hasil is remitted when cultivated 
land is planted as a garden. Here the word obviously means 
Demand; equally clearly it means Produce in thé phrase hukm-i 
hasil, which Ziya Barni uses to denote assessment by Sharing. 
The commonest use of the word 1s, however, to denote Income: 
n this use it is contrasted with Valuation, as in the passages