PRE-WAR PRINCIPLES AND METHODS 21

wage-earners in all parts of the country. Included in this
study was a very large proportion of native white and
older immigrant families, and the average annual family
income shown was $750. The object of the inquiry was to
ascertain the cost of living of industrial workers, and
no attempt was made to analyze the adequacy of the
incomes earned or the standards of life based on these
incomes.!
The budgetary facts disclosed by this investigation, however,
 were of great value to those which followed, principally
 under private auspices, for the direct purpose of
showing the minimum cost of proper subsistence of wageearners
 and their families. The most notable of these
were those made by Louise Bolard More, of Columbia
University, of 200 families in New York City during the
years 1903-05 ; by Doctor R. C. Chapin, of 642 families in
New York City in 1907, under the auspices of the Association
 for Improving the Condition of the Poor; by J. C.
Kennedy and others of the University of Chicago, in
1914, of 184 families of the Chicago Stockyards District;
by Frank H. Streightoff in the same year for families in
New York, Buffalo, Syracuse, Elmira and Albany, for
the New York Factory Investigating Commission ; by the
Bureau of Personal Service of New York City, in 1914;
and by Esther L. Little and W. J. Henry Cotton, in 1914,
of “A Suggested Budget for a Textile Worker’s Family
in Philadelphia,” the investigators being graduate students
in the University of Pennsylvania? ¢
The most exhaustive of these studies was that made by
Doctor Chapin. His conclusion was that in 1907 “an
income of $900 or over” for a wage-earner’s family
1 Eighteenth Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor on Cost of Living,
 Washington, Government Printing Office, 1901.
2 Reprints of all these Budgetary Studies are to be found in Bulletin 7,
“Standards of Living,”” Bureau of Applied Economics, Washington, 1920.