CHAPTER VII 
Earnings 
98. The term “ Earnings ” for the purposes of this Report includes 
remuneration from (a) basic rates, (b) the dearness allowance, (c) the 
good attendance bonus and (d) in the case of Sholapur, the monetary 
value of the Grain Concession. Additional remuneration earned from 
Overtime or Double Substitute work has been excluded because of its 
irregular character. In all cases figures for net earnings, i.e., after lost 
time and fines had been deducted, were taken. Net earnings are 
not necessarily coincident with the amounts which the workers actually 
received. Further deductions are made in many cases for contributions 
bo Provident Funds, for the value of the grain or cloth purchased from the 
mills’ grain or cloth shops, or for accommodation provided in mill chawls 
at rents below economic rent. As the workers receive at least cent. per 
sent. vaule for these deductions and as the exact money value in all 
rases where such concessions are granted is not ascertainable, no figures 
were called for in connexion with all those items where deductions were 
made for services rendered by the employer. The word “fines” 
includes deductions made for the value of spoilt cloth or *fents ” 
handed over to the workers. (See Appendix C.) 
Meaning oF THE TERM “ AVERAGE ”’ 
99. The forms filled in for the 1921 and 1923 Enquiries gave separa- 
tely for each occupation in each mill the total number of operatives in 
cach sex and age group engaged as time-workers or piece-workers respec- 
tively, the aggregate number of working days worked by each such group, 
the aggregate earnings of the group, and the average earnings per capita. 
Thus,—*“ Mill No. 114, Men, Mule Spinning, Side Piecers, Piece, ; work- 
men 15, days actually worked 321 (or, in the 1921 Enquiry, 26, 27 or 31 
or products of 15 and these numbers as the case may be), total earnings 
Rs. 473, daily average per capita Re. 1-7-7 (or Re. 1-3-5 or Re. 1-2-8 or 
Re. 1-0-3). These units were the ultimate units on which the Tables 
for average daily earnings were based and the separate earnings of every 
individual were not known. 
100. The figures given for average monthly earnings in the body 
of the Report of the 1921 Enquiry were arrived at by using Part I of 
the form and by dividing the sums of the entries for “net amount of 
wages earned by those working full time ** by the sums of the entries for 
“number working full time.” Average monthly earnings ” was 
sheoretically an average for those employees only who worked through- 
out the month without being absent, though owing to the wide diver- 
gencies in the manner of filling up Part I of the form by different mills, 
the result was actually an average on a composite basis. Enquiries 
made at the mills after the returns for the 1923 Enquiry had been recei- 
ved elicited the information that the entries made in Part I of the form 
were for actual full-time workers only in a very few cases, 1.e., those 
who had worked without absence, and that they merely gave totals