NUREMBERG. 
389 
in such a case be found to consist of at least three rooms (counting the kitchen), 
and sometimes a fourth apartment or alcove is added. The living room is the 
largest of the suite, for it generally serves as a bedroom as well, and is 
furnished for the double purpose. . Its dimensions may vary from 8 feet 9 inches 
toll feet 4 inches in width, 14 feet 7 inches to 16 feet 3 inches in depth, and 
9 feet 9 inches to 11 feet 4J inches in height. The second room is generally 
somewhat less, and the kitchen is invariably a very small apartment, only just 
sufficient for cooking purposes. In South Germany the closed stove, of iron or 
tile according to the quality of the dwelling, is a fixture, and is not, as in the 
Rhineland, the property of the tenant. As a rule each dwelling has a separate 
W.C., which in the older houses is placed in a corner of the landing, though the 
building authorities now require its inclusion within the dwelling. The entrance 
to these tenements will be found in the middle of the building, and each door 
opens into a small corridor or vestibule, from which, as a rule, access to all the 
rooms is gained, though occasionally one of the rooms can only be entered from 
another, an arrangement which the more recent by-laws prohibit. The back 
house is a smaller structure, and is not necessarily connected with the front 
house, as in many other towns, but may be separated from it by an open space, 
which serves as a drying ground and as a playground for children. Here 
will be found on each floor two tenements, each of three rooms, though 
smaller than those in the front building, while the rents are also proportionately 
lower. 
The houses erected according to the revised regulations of 1903 are 
much the same in internal arrangements, except that in front buildings there 
are two tenements on each story instead of three, the result being that either 
smaller houses or larger tenements are being built ; as a fact, tenements of four 
rooms, viz., a living room, two bedrooms, and a kitchen, are becoming fairly 
common. The back house is likewise restricted to two dwellings to a floor. 
Both in the front house and the back each tenant has at disposal a portion of 
the cellar and also of the attic, the several divisions being marked off by stout 
laths and each being under lock and key. The wash-house will be found either 
in the courtyard or in the cellar, and the tenants use it in turn according to 
arrangement. Balconies at the rear of the houses are also becoming very 
common ; they are small in area, but in the higher stories especially they are 
found very convenient, and the tenants welcome them. 
The story most desired by tenants in general is the first, and its rents are 
frequently, though not invariably, the highest. The parterre is colder in winter, 
for the cellar is below, the light is not so good, and it is also noisier ; while 
above the first story dwellings have a tendency to deteriorate, for they are 
designed for the less remunerative tenants. 
The furnishing of houses such as those which have just been described— 
houses, that is, of the better-situated working-class families—is never elaborate, 
and probably falls below that of English households of the same class, alike in 
quantity and in value. 
Sub-letting is very common amongst working-class families. The housing 
inquiry of 1901 showed that 22*06 per cent, of all the dwellings in the town (and 
26*6 per cent, of all the rented dwellings) contained lodgers or other sub 
tenants, and in the more exclusively industrial districts the percentage exceeded 
30 per cent. For example :— 
District. 
Steinbühl, 1 
" 4 
Galgenhof 
Steinbühl, 2 
Total dwellings. 
Receiving lodgers 
or sub-letting. 
2.012 
1,656 
3,033 
1,975 
609 
532 
989 
680 
Percentage. 
303 
321 
32 6 
344 
It is almost the rule for families with dwellings of more than three rooms 
(kitchen, living-room, and bedroom) to take lodgers, either one or two, 
according to the size of the additional rooms, and tenements of such larger size 
are frequently rented with the idea of letting off one or more apartments. It 
does not appear that this plan of sub-letting is followed on business-like