fat]
= Ft
Es 3 8
8 g =
El in
£2 i: %
ig, 57 3
$48 ba
cS - O
=~ g EE
on Bf

In Percentage of
Poor Peasant
Level

UKRAINE—
Yield of winter wheat (in
centners per hectare) 8.1 100 10.8
Milk yield (in kilograms
 per cow) .....1030.7 1074.9 1376.9 104.3 188.6
NORTHERN CAUCASUS—
Yield of winter wheat 7.2 8.2 9.6 1189 1833
Milk yield ............ 646.0 768.1 056.2 118.9 148.0
MIDDLE VOLGA REGION—
Yield of spring wheat... 12.8 12.9 13.1 100.8 102.3
Milk yield ..............1228.9 1249.4 1364.5 101.7 111.0

Middle
Peasant Kulak

138.8

It is clearly evident that while the middle peasant
holdings show a lower level of productivity in comparison
 with the highest group, the poorest group shows
an even lower productivity than the middle peasant
holdings.
In an especially clear-cut fashion may be seen the
limitations of petty-peasant production by comparing
its productivity and its means of production with that
of the collective and state farms. Let us examine a
comparison of expenditures per unit of labor as among
the different groups of individual peasant holdings and
collective and state farms. The expenditures per working
 day for the various types of farms are given below,
in rubles:
*The proletariat and semi-proletariat of the wvillege—peasants
selling their labor power, to whom this source of income is of
primary or secondary importance.
Small market growers—independent farmers who do not hire
any labor or who hire labor to a very small extent.
Petty-capitalist houscholds—farms on which hired labor is
used to a comparatively larger extent.
14