Xxx. PECULIARITY OF COBDEN’S TREATY. 805
Was the type of treaty which Adam Smith had in his mind _ 1860.
When he wrote his chapter on the subject. Pitt’s Treaty Zr 66
with France (1786) was of a different and better kind; and
his motive in making it was not diplomatic or political, as
had been the case in the old-fashioned treaties of commerce,
but truly economical and social. - He wished to legalize the
Commerce which was carried on illegally, and to an immense
oxtent, by smuggling, always the spontaneous substitute for
free trade; and he boldly accepted, moreover, the seeming
Paradox that reduction of duties may lead to increase of
Tevenue.' Neither party stipulated for any peculiar advantages.
 Still, the benefits of the Treaty were confined to
the two nations who made it. In 1860 England lowered her
duties, not only in favour of French products, but in favour
of the same products from all other countries. The reforms
Which France and England now made in favour of one
Bnother, in the case of England actually were, and in the
Case of France were to be, extended to other nations as
Well, This was not reciprocity of monopoly, but reciprocity
of freedom, or partial freedom. England had given up the
System of differential duties, and France knew that the products
 of every other country would receive at the English ports
Sxactly the same measure and treatment as her own. France,
On the other hand, openly intended to take her Treaty with
England as a model for Treaties with the rest of Europe,
nd to concede by Treaty with as many Governments as
ight wish, a tariff just as favourable as that which had
been arranged with England. As a matter of fact, within
five years after the negotiations of 1860, France had made

* “Only 600,000 gallons of French brandy were legally imported in a
year, while no leas than 4,000,000 of gallons were believed to be every year
imported into England. And sine there was a total prohibition of French
“mbrion, every yard of them sold in England must have oome in by illicit
Reans.”—T.ord Stanhope’s Lifs of Psi, 1. 816-17.