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course, carried on with a view to qualify for degrees
under the regulations of the Universities ; this con
stitutes the third section of the educational system;
The Universities of Calcutta, Madras, and
Bombay are on the model of the London University,
 and are mere examining bodies. They are
government institutions, but are believed to be
self-supporting at the present time; their income
being derived from examination fees. The Punjab
University professes to be a literary and teaching;
as well as an examining body, and its chief chagacteristics
 are that its sympathies lean towards.
the indigenous rather than the state educational
system, and that its aim is to encourage the study
of the Oriental classics, and to develop the verna--culars
 of the country as media for the education of
the masses. The Punjab University has an income
 of Rs. 60,000 a year, besides a government
grant of Rs, 21,000.
11. The Public Works Department. —This great
department deals chiefly with the—

construction and maintenance of roads and
railways ;
sxtension of the network of irrigation
channels so necessary in a country liable
to drought and possessing large arid
regions ;
construction and maintenance of public
buildings, &-c,