LABOR COSTS—UNITED STATES, BY STATES 
TaBLE 41.— Labor cost rates per hour 
SUMMARY FOR THE UNITED STATES AND ANALYSIS BY STATES, 1921, 
1922, AND 1923 
Labor cost rates per hour 
United States :._._. 
Michigan... 
Ohio. _.._. 
Nebraska__ 
Colorado... __ 
Utah _____ 
l[daho______. 
Wyoming. __. 
Montana... 
Malifornis 
1921 
Cents 
13. 2 
8 
20.6 
1999 
(ents 
11. 2 
1923 
Cents 
34.2 
30. 1 
0.7 
6 
¢ 
{ 
3-year 
average 
Cents 
33.0 
28.8 
29.7 
32.7 
32.6 
34.9 
34.7 
34.9 
33.5 
41.4 
* Weighted on the basis of the total acreage harvested in each of the 9 States investigated. 
NoTE.—The labor cost rates for 1922 and 1923 are those paid hired labor or allowed for unpaid labor as 
jetermined by field investigation. 
The wages for 1921 were determined by adjusting the 1922 rates on the basis of the percentage change in 
monthly wages (without board) paid to farm laborers. For example, according to available wage data the 
average monthly farm wages in Michigan (without board) were 6 per cent higher in 1921 than in 1922; the 
1921 labor cost was therefore obtained by adding 6 per cent to the 1922 cost established in this investigation. 
TABLE 42.—Hours of direct labor, on machine operations, employed ir the pro- 
duction of an acre of sugar beets 
SUMMARY FOR THE UNITED STATES AND ANALYSIS BY STATES, 1921, 
1922. AND 1923 
Exclusive of contract labor, labor operating tractors, all machine labor hired at custom or piece rates, 
i. e., drilling beet seed, etc., and labor supervising and managing, and indirect labor 1} 
Hours of direct labor per acre on ma- 
chine operations 
\ rea 
United States 2__. 
Michigan. _ 
Ohio.._.... 
Nebraska___________ 
Colorado_._...._ 
Utah ____. 
ABN0.cnis wen 
Wyoming._.__.. emer meena 
Montana___..._____. aes 
California 
1921 
er acre 
44.5% 
Af 
1922 
pu ye 
1923 
Per.acre 
47.0 
2.4 
© 
3-year 
average 
Per acre 
45.7 
42.4 
34.9 
48.3 
52.8 
32.5 
55.1 
52.6 
54.1 
23.3 
1 Indirect labor time was obtained by taking a fiat 15 per cent of the hours of direct labor on machine 
wperations. The hours of indirect labor per acre, are therefore, 15 per cent of the hours shown in this table. 
* Weighted on the basis of the total acreage harvested in each of the 9 States investigated. 
ye