C0LLEC7VV/SM  AND  LAND  NATIONALIZATION.  201
shops,  in  theory  the  collective  property  of  the  State,  would,  in
practice,  be  handed  over  to  corporations  of  working  men,  who
would  manage  them  in  the  same  way  as  joint-stock  companies
do  to-day.  Workmen  would  be  paid  in  proportion  to  the
amount  and  the  quality  of  their  work.  They  would,  therefore,
have  the  same  incentive  as  at  present  to  bring  to  their  labour
the  virtues  of  energy  and  carefulness.  The  difference  would
be  that,  on  the  one  hand,  they  would  obtain  the  full  product  of
their  labour,  as  nothing  would  have  to  be  deducted  for  rent,
interest,  or  profits,  and,  on  the  other  hand,  everybody  would  be
obliged  to  work,  as  the  means  of  production,  having  ceased  to
be  private  property,  would  no  longer  furnish  private  incomes,
such  as  at  present  permit  people  to  live  in  idleness.
In  primitive  societies,  where  every  man  owns  the  instruments
of  production,  his  plot  of  land,  his  loom,  or  his  tool,  private
property  realizes  the  aim  of  justice,  which  consists  in  allowing
every  man  to  enjoy  the  entire  fruits  of  his  labour.  But  under
the  régime  of  industrial  production  on  a  large  scale  and  large
anded  estates,  with  their  concomitants  of  wage-earning  and
tenant-farming,  the  remuneration  of  labour  is  reduced  to  a
minimum  by  the  competition  for  land  or  for  employment,  that
IS  to  say,  by  the  tolls  levied  by  the  possessors  of  land  and  capital
Collectivism,  by  means  of  the  system  of  co-operative  production
necessitated  by  the  employment  of  machines,  aims  at  realizing
the  results  of  generalized  private  property,  namely,  the  assurance
of  the  full  enjoyment  of  the  produce  to  the  producer.  Everything
  relating  to  the  means  of  transport  and  to  the  circulating
medium,  whether  money  or  credit,  would  become  a  public
department.  Dr.  Schæffle  even  supposes  the  realization  of  a
general  scheme  of  remuneration  and  exchange,  like  that  suggested
by  Proudhon  and  Marx,  and  which  would  be  of  the  following
nature.  In  accordance  with  the  theory  of  those  economists  who
consider  labour  the  exclusive  source  of  value,  the  workman
would  receive  for  each  article  the  price  of  as  many  hours  of
labour  as,  “on  the  average,"  were  required  for  the  manufacture
of  he  article.  The  price  would  be  paid  in  labour-notes  exchangee
  or  goods.  1  he  goods  for  sale  would  be  deposited  in  public
warehouses  or  co-operative  stores,  where  they  would  be  ex-