BAKUyiN THE APOSTLE OF NIHILISM. 233 
rapid progress of the association, sent a circular to the pro 
vincial governors, directing them to extirpate it at all costs, 
and he even made proposals to foreign governments with a 
view to organizing a European crusade. The leaders of the 
International were obliged to seek refuge in Portugal. At the 
same time the split took place in the Socialist camp, d he 
adherents of Bakunin’s Alliance wished to obtain the direction 
of the movement. They established a newspaper at Madrid, 
El Condenado, the programme of which was summed up m 
these three words : Atheism, Anarchy, Collectivism. 
After the schism of the Hague, between Marx and Bakunin, 
the great majority of the Spanish Internationalists declared for 
the latter. A regional congress was convened at Cordova, in 
December, 1872. It resulted in the formation of an inde 
pendent federation, which issued a manifesto addressed to 
" its brothers throughout the whole world,” invoking their a.id. 
It concluded with these words:—“The Social Liquidation 
for ever ! Long live the International ! All Hail Solidarity, 
Anarchy, and Collectivism ! ” The partisans of M^x, his 
son-in-law Lafargue, and Farga, founded the New e era 
tion of Madrid,” to which they endeavoured to rally their 
troops, who had been thrown into confusion by the anathemas 
and accusations of the two contesting parties. The Marxists 
"ished, however, to remain on economic ground, while the 
Bakunists joined the bourgeois radicals for the purpose of over 
throwing King Amadeo and establishing a republic. At the 
time of the repression of the insurrection of 1872, at Madrid, 
the Enmncipacion, the organ of the Marxists, thus expressed 
Its opinion: “We know enough of the personnel of the re 
publican party to assert that this movement is only one of 
a series of revolutionary attempts by which the rank and file 
of the bourgeoisie are seeking to look after their own interests, 
and which cost the workers so much bloodshed, without 
enabling them to gain any benefit. We can only repeat to our 
Iriends ; The emancipation of the labourers must be the work 
of the labourers themselves. Every revolution conducted by 
the bourgeoisie can be useful only to the bourgeoisie." These 
words were not heeded. After the abdication of King Amadeo,