BAKUNIN THE APOSTLE OF NIHILISM. 239 
Ws ideas and views on the best r ^ethods of incendiarism, assas 
sination, poisoning, and in general on every means of injuring the 
bourgeois. Every member pays a subscription of five centimes 
a week for the costs of correspondence. Heavy disbursements 
are recovered by means of an assessment, and in the case 
of extraordinary expenses recourse is had to the federation. 
Punishment must only be inflicted at the propitious moment, 
and the member must know how to profit by favourable 
opportunities. Reprisals ought to be directed against property 
whenever it is impossible to reach persons. No one is bound 
^o act in case of physical impossibility or personal incapacity ; 
^^ut whoever accepts a particular duty must accomplish it under 
penalty of death. Whoever permanently abstains from acting 
declared to be “ fallen,” and is expelled from the Society, 
is placed under the strict supervision of the tribunal, and 
on the first sign of treachery incurs the penalty of death. No 
consideration of friendship or relationship can stay the putting 
^0 death of a traitor. The life of a brother or a father, if it 
puts a considerable number of persons in danger, must on no 
Account be respected. Whenever the group of one locality 
cannot execute the sentence of death pronounced against a 
baitor, the members of other localities are charged with its 
execution. They surprise their victim and kill him without 
pity. 
'i'he International penetrated into Portugal about 1872, and 
since then it has counted there a considerable number of 
lections and several organs, among others the Jornal do tra- 
f^alho, the Tribuna and O Rebate at Lisbon, the Clamor do poio 
and O Protesto at Oporto. Dr. Anthelo de Quental, revolutionary 
Socialist candidate of Circle 93, has recently (1880) published 
a manifesto adopting collectivism. The Portuguese Social 
ists assemble in congress every year. Their programme is 
anarchism ” of a mild kind, without any threats of expropria 
tion, massacre, or petroleum. Several causes explain this less 
aggressive attitude. The Portuguese are less violent than the 
Paniards, the economic situation of their country is better, 
and, finally, a very large measure of liberty has prevented 
c explosion of rage elsewhere exasperated by repression.