APPENDIX A 
213 
word in this sense is an abbreviation. Afif wrote (94) jama-i 
mamlakat, or “valuation of the kingdom”; in the Akbarnima 
{i. 270), we have jama-i parganit, ‘valuation of the parganas”’; 
in the Ain (i. 347), jama-i wildyat, ‘valuation of the country”; 
and in the Iqbalnima (ii. 287), jama-i qasbit wa qariyat, 
“valuation of the parganas and villages.” In the course of the 
seventeenth century, these phrases, which I take to be equivalent, 
gave way to jama-i dami, ‘‘the valuation in dims,” which is 
common in Khwafi Khan, and must refer to the fact that salaries 
continued to be stated in terms of dams, though for other 
administrative purposes the rupee was the ordinary unit of value. 
The first Valuation we meet in the literature is that which was 
sanctioned by Firiiz. The passage relating to it is discussed in 
Appendix C; the passages relating to Akbar’s general Valuations 
are examined in Appendix E; and here it will suffice to refer to 
two incidents of his reign which go far to establish the technical 
sense of the word. 
(1) After the conquest of Gujarat, Todar Mal made a hurried 
journey in order to effect the “ascertainment of the aggregate” 
(tahqig-i jama) of the newly acquired territory (Akbarnima, 
ili. 65-67). This operation is described in Mr. Beveridge’s trans- 
lation as a “settlement of the revenue,” a technical phrase 
which nowadays denotes assessment of the Demand; but the 
circumstances and the context show that this was not the 
object of Todar Mal's visit. The country had just been dis- 
tributed among assignees, whose business it was to establish 
the Mogul administration; and there was neither time nor scope 
for an assessment of the Demand throughout the provinces. 
The clear meaning of the passage is that Todar Mal made a 
summary Valuation of the Assignments which had recently 
been granted, and, on return to the capital, handed over the 
Valuation statement to the headquarter record-office, so that 
it could be used by the clerks in adjusting the accounts of the 
assignees. 
This interpretation is placed beyond doubt by the parallel 
passages! in the Tabaqit-i Akbari. The first of these tells us 
1 Add. 6543 ff., 229, 230. The rendering in Elliot, v. 370, ‘the revenues 
af Gujarat had not been paid up satisfactorily,” misses the point of the 
first passage. It was not a question of “paying up’ the jama, but of 
a document reaching the headquarter record-office; under no conceivable 
circumstances could the record-office handle “revenues.” The phrase 
‘roval exchequer,” again, does not accurately represent daftarkhana.